London Journal of Engineering Research London Journal of Engineering Research is focused on publishing groundbreaking ideas on theoretical and experimental research in all the domains relating to engineering. It provides practical, theoretical, and managerial implications useful for further research development. As a flagship scholarly journal, It is a peer-reviewed, international, indexed journal. The Journal publishes high-quality research papers that are double-blind refereed. Authors and readers include academic researchers and educators, as well as engineering professionals. SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
Electroencephalography in Determınıng Mood in Animals
Electroencephalography is one of the most common methods used in the interpretation of neurological activities in the brain of humans and various model animals. With the electroencephalography method, it is possible to obtain information about the various changes that occur in the model creature, its relationship between species, and its emotional state. It is observed that various behaviors are exhibited in model animals due to some factors such as mood, sleep disorder, epilepsy, depression, pain, drug use, addiction, genetics, and environmental. When these behaviors are examined in the studies; neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders, olfactory disorders, visual attention dysfunction, sleep disorders, brain dysfunction, learning disorder, various adjustment, autistic-like behavioral disorders, autism, attention deficit, hyperactivity, anxiety, aging, traumatic brain injury, repetitive grooming It has been observed to cause various behaviors such as social deficits, decreased activity, anxiety, fear conditioning, calmness, staring, anxiety, fear, learning disability, intermodal recognition memory, and depression. The results of the studies show that these behaviors are closely similar to electroencephalographic humans and various model animals. This study, it is aimed to give information about the state of hearing between humans and various model animals with the method of electroencephalography.
Copyright (c) 2023 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Reaching Pandemic Milestones with Country Primary and Secondary Vaccination Inflection Points: An Assessment of Foundational and Hybrid Forecasting Methodologies”
The devastating worldwide impact of the COVID-19 pandemic created a need to better understand the effects of vaccination on case fatality rates (CFR) in a pandemic setting. Foundational time series forecasting models (ARIMA, Prophet, LSTM) and novel hybrid models (SARIMA-Bidirectional LSTM andSARIMA-Prophet-Bidirectional LSTM) were compared for performance and accuracy to forecast vaccination inflection points for 26 countries. Correlation analyses demonstrated that stringency index, age 65 and older, life expectancy, andpositive test rate, are factors correlating the most with the vaccination and case fatality rates. The primary vaccination inflection pointwas reached at 83.27 days (15-367 days), at the vaccination rate of 13.1% (0.1% – 50%), with 42% of countries seeing the initial impact in
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Refurbishment and Conversion to Pumped/Storage Systems of Hydroelectric Power Plants in Córdoba (Argentina)
This research presents a comprehensive methodology for the technical and environmental assessment of the refurbishment and modernization of existing hydroelectric plants in the province of Córdoba (Argentina) to use pumped storage hydropower (PSH) systems. The study is based on leveraging existing civil infrastructure, with the goal of minimizing environmental impacts, optimizing economic resources, and improving provincial energy management. The proposed methodology combines technical, hydrological, environmental, and water resource management criteria to prioritize sites with high conversion feasibility. Of the total number of plants analyzed, four were identified as having favorable conditions: Fitz Simon, Cassaffousth, Los Molinos I, and La Viña. Field campaigns and specific analyses were subsequently conducted to assess the technical and operational feasibility of their refurbishment and modernization. The results show that the selected plants have high potential to operate with pumped storage energy storage schemes, contributing to the integration of intermittent renewable energy and strengthening the provincial electricity grid. The case of the La Viña Power Plant is presented in detail, given its current modernization process, highlighting the technical and economic opportunity of incorporating the reversible pumping function simultaneously with the equipment upgrade.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CFD Investigation of Turbulence Behaviour in Grooved Divergent Rocket Nozzles using 2 the k-ε Model
The adiabatic gas expansion in the divergent rocket area generally results in the generation of thrust 19 required for propulsion by providing an environment where the gas molecules speed rapidly out the nozzle 20 exit after traversing the nozzle area. This study investigates the impact of wall grooving in the divergent 21 section of rocket nozzles on turbulence characteristics and flow performance using Computational Fluid 22 Dynamics (CFD). Employing the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and the k– ε turbulence model in 23 ANSYS Fluent, the study compares a conventional nozzle and a grooved counterpart under identical 24 boundary conditions. Key parameters analyzed include Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), Turbulent 25 Eddy Dissipation (TED), and velocity profiles. Results reveal that while the grooved nozzle slightly 26 reduces axial velocity, it significantly enhances turbulence dissipation and flow stability by suppressing 27 lateral velocity fluctuations. Enhanced TED and uniform TKE distribution suggest improved mixing 28 and thermal energy control, making grooved nozzles a promising modification for advanced propulsion 29 systems.
Digital Marketing and Market Competitiveness of MSME, Cottage, and Rural Industry Products in Gujarat
Digital marketing is increasingly shaping the competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), cottage industries, and rural product enterprises by improving visibility, reducing intermediary dependence, widening customer reach, and enabling product differentiation. This paper develops an IEEE-style conceptual and policy-grounded study focused on Gujarat, a state with strong MSME depth and a distinctive ecosystem of handloom, handicraft, khadi, agro-processing, and village products. The paper combines official policy context, current national MSME dashboard statistics, digital commerce inclusion logic, and a field-oriented research design to examine how social media, messaging commerce, online catalogues, and e-marketplaces influence competitiveness outcomes. The proposed model links digital marketing adoption with market access, customer trust, conversion, sales growth, and margin improvement, while recognizing moderating constraints such as digital literacy, logistics, packaging, language, and payment confidence. The paper concludes that digital marketing should be treated not merely as a promotion channel but as a competitiveness infrastructure for Gujarat’s MSME and rural product economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nano-Silica-Modified Concrete: Analysis and Comprehensive Review of Material Properties and Its Use in Civil Engineering Industries
Among the most widely used additive cementitious materials (SCMs) applied in modern concrete production, nano-silica (NS) or silicon oxide nanoparticles ($mathrm{SiO}_{2}$). In this article, we will analyze all aspects related to the physical/chemical characteristics of nano-silica, the interactions within the concrete structure, and their many uses in construction engineering. We have synthesized over 25 peer-reviewed articles and analyzed the impact of the addition of NS from 1% to 6 % wt. on mechanical properties; compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile splitting strength of M40 concretes compared via a control sample free of additives being added. Additionally, we have studied the durability of M40 concretes modified with NS in terms of their chloride permeability, resistance to sulphate assault and absorption in water. Finally, we analyzed the pozzolanic effect, filler effect, hydration kinetics and refining of the interfacial transition zone. As a result of our analysis, we concluded that optimal doses of 2–4% by wt. of cement are those which maximise the improvements in both strength and durability without impacting workability.
Electro-Jet Engine: a Jet Engine without Turbine
In accordance with efficiency criteria, the development of air transport has to the option of using large passenger airplanes, with capacities ranging from 200 to over 800 passengers and masses ranging from 100 to over 500 tons. These airplanes require a large airport infrastructure that involve major air security problems. The proposed idea is to use small, pressurized aircraft for passenger air transport, with a capacity of 4 to 9 people, including the crew, which can use small and minimally equipped airports, without complex security facilities, and can fly at altitudes of 12.000 to 18.000 m at supersonic speeds. These aircraft use Coanda-type jet engine, without a turbine, in which the compressor is driven by an electric motor, use hydrogen as fuel and are easily converted from a Coanda-type jet to a ramjet. This engine has devices for transforming thermal energy directly into electrical energy, thus generating, in whole or in part, the electrical energy necessary to drive the compressor, until the conversion of the electro-jet engine into a ramjet engine. These proposals represent a new type of jet engine nevertheless a new concept in passenger air transport. Last part studies theoretically and experimentally the conversion of thermal energy directly into electrical energy. The experimental part was based on the recovery of a part of the heat lost to the cold source, i.e. to the atmosphere, through the walls of hot part of a turboshaft jet engine. For the experimental part I used a small turboshaft jet engine installed on an ultralight helicopter. The recovery was done with a Seebeck bridge currently produced. These Seebeck bridges are manufactured in mass production, have a low maximum operating temperature compared to the temperature inside the jet engine and have a very low efficiency compared to current systems used in space technology [21], [22].
Study on Changes in Groundwater Level Decline Rates on Slopes
This study used a Sanlien VW-dot data logger and vibrating-wire electronic piezometers to record continuous groundwater level data from monitoring wells at one-hour intervals. We attempted to stratify the subsurface by analyzing changes in groundwater level decline rates. The observations indicate that the decline rate (slope) generally decreases with depth, which may reflect lower fracture density and connectivity in rock masses or increased compactness of deeper soil layers. The stratification process selected segments with regular decline rates and grouped segments with similar slopes into the same layer. Better layer boundaries were calibrated using multiple line segments with different slope values and depth ranges. Regular decline slopes usually appear several hours after rainfall and are related to local geology, hydrology, and lithology. Because fracture saturation and seepage-equilibrium times differ, the onset time of regular slopes also differs. During stratification, obvious interference from subsequent rainfall should be avoided. In addition, some boundaries still show identifiable differences in variability, so sublayers can be further defined; the causes of these differences are discussed in the paper. Overall, decline-rate stratification generally decreases with depth and is related to weathering, effective fracture ratio, or RQD from shallow to deep strata. Engineering factors, such as horizontal drainage from catch wells and the compaction quality of backfilled trench areas after underground pipeline works, can also affect layer thickness.
Objective Evaluation Criteria for the Safety Certification of Autonomous Navigation System
In Japan, the commercialization of the autonomous ship is aiming at the full-scale commercial operation around 2030 with the cooperation of industry, academia and government. The autonomous navigation system that the ships will be equipped with is one of the main functions of the autonomous ship. Commercialized autonomous ships coming soon are scheduled to operate on domestic routes. In areas covered by the Collision avoidance Regulations (COLREGs), autonomous ships will basically navigate without human intervention, including in congested waters. The Japan Captains’ Association believes that ships equipped with such autonomous navigation systems must have the same safety level as conventional ships and comply with the COLREGs. In other words, the autonomous ship should not cause anxiety to encountering ships. Based on the above basic policy, the Japan Captains’ Association and ClassNK conducted a large-scale verification experiment aimed at formulating standards for classification companies to objectively evaluate the safety of autonomous navigation systems and developed evaluation area diagrams for certification. This paper introduces the evaluation area diagrams that objectively evaluates autonomous navigation systems to have the same or higher safety level as conventional ships and to objectively evaluate compliance with COLREGs. In the evaluation area diagram, “Safety area”, “Caution area”, and “Danger area” are calculated based on the relative distance and bearing (compass bearing) change rate etc, between the autonomous ship and the encountered ships. When a ship using an autonomous navigation system navigates in a way that avoids entering “Caution area” and “Danger area”, it can be said that the ship is reducing risk before there is a risk of collision. ClassNK will use the evaluation area diagram introduced here to carry out certification work for the autonomous navigation system which will undergo demonstration experiments in 2025. This paper also discusses how to objectively explain compliance with the COLREGs, which contains many ambiguous expressions.
Designing High-Dense-Packed Electronic Equipment using Three-Dimensional Printed Wiring
Context: Many areas of modern electronic equipment, such as medical, automotive, portable, and special-purpose electronics, place increased demands on mass and volume. These devices often have irregular volume structures for accommodating electronic components. Therefore, 3D printed circuit boards are ideal for implementing such designs, and improving their efficiency, as well as optimizing the selection of mounting types, are pressing challenges. Objective: The aim of this work is to develop a 3D printed circuit board method that is efficient in production and use, as well as a method for objectively selecting the optimal PCB option from the existing variety when designing miniature electronic equipment. Method: The design and manufacturing method for manufacturing rigid-flexible printed circuit boards is based on traditional PCB manufacturing methods with an appropriate addition that allows for the achievement of three-dimensional design properties. The method for selecting a 3D printed circuit board option consists of two parts: a heuristic method and passive game theory. Results: A design and engineering method for producing a rigid-flexible printed circuit board has been developed. Its main feature is its fabrication on a single base—a rigid printed circuit board. A sequence of steps for implementing a heuristic method is presented, and 3D printed circuit assembly metrics and their characteristics are developed, serving as input for experts selecting the optimal option. A method for using passive game theory to solve the same problem of selecting a3D printed circuit board option is presented. A number of formalized metrics and coefficients have been developed for this purpose. Conclusions: This paper addresses the problem of developing methods for creating printed circuit boards forthree-dimensional printed wiringand selecting optimal electrical connection designs for electronic equipment design. The practical value of the proposed methods lies in their ready-to-use nature.
optimal use of three-dimensional printed wiring.
Wave Energy Considerations for the Concept Design of Rock Armored Coastal Revetments
Current practice for assessing toe scour, requisite armor mass and wave overtopping of rock-armored coastal revetments is based empirically on flume study data. Flume data are normalised, which is done to synthesize large datasets to a notionally common scale, making equations dimensionless. Factors that normalize laboratory data for developing current predictive formulae for scour, requisite armor mass and overtopping discharges are based universally on wave height and gravitational acceleration. This article utilizes data from comprehensive scale model studies of various rock armored coastal revetments from which current-practice formulae have been derived, but normalizing the laboratory data using factors based on wave energy rather than wave height alone. This has resulted in predictions of toe scour, requisite armor mass and average overtopping discharges that are more accurate than those from formulae in current use. The influence of wave period is examined with wave period being incorporated into predictive equations, resulting in further improvements. Some model and scale effects are identified, recommending further research.
Prony Analysis -A Case Study in Eastern Regional Power System in India
The stability of the Indian power grid is frequently challenged by Low-Frequency Oscillations (LFOs), particularly in the hydro-dominant Eastern Region, where evacuation corridors are constrained. This paper presents a detailed analysis of a cascade tripping event that occurred on July 7, 2017, involving the 400 kV Teesta-III to Rangpo corridor. Utilizing high-resolution synchro phasor data obtained from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), this study characterizes the oscillatory behavior of the grid during the disturbance. While conventional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods are often employed for spectral monitoring, this work employs Prony Analysis due to its superior capability in analyzing non-stationary, transient signals and its ability to directly extract modal damping ratios. The analysis identifies the dominant inter-area and local modes, quantifying their energy, damping percentage, and frequency content. The results demonstrate that specific modes exhibited insufficient damping during the event, contributing to system separation. These findings are subsequently used to derive necessary control parameters for the design of robust Power System Stabilizers (PSS) and oscillation damping filters, aimed at enhancing the dynamic stability of the Eastern Regional Grid.
Numeric-Symbolic Composite Derivative Calculations
Composite derivative calculations arise in many applications in computational science and engineering. Since 1857 the gold standard for computing composite derivatives is the celebrated formula of Faà Di Bruno. The equation is an identity for generalizing the chain rule of calculus to higher dimensions. It is very complicated. Each sub calculation must satisfy two integer constraint equations. An alternative problem formulation, proposed in 1861 by George Scott, is analytically very simple: nevertheless, the requirement for computing hand-generated complex derivatives while enforcing a boundary condition, has limited its application. Symbolic methods are also available, but computationally expensive to embed in application software. This paper combines the best features of symbolic processing and Scott’s formulation. The symbolic preprocessor computes (1) derivatives, and (2) enforces the derivative boundary condition appearing in Scott’s method. For n requested composite derivatives; the preprocessor generates a lower triangular nxn array that is embedded in the application software for computing the numerical composite derivatives. Unless the number of requested composite work derivatives increases, the preprocessor is only called one time. The symbolic preprocessor easily scales for handling ten’s to hundred’s of composite derivatives. A numerical example is provided, where 1..5 composite derivatives are computed.
Implementation of Generative Artificial Intelligence in a Virtual Reality Exhibition
Background: Exhibitions are an activity that is often attended by many companies around the world because of its benefits as a promotional event. Companies can build the image of their company and products and interact directly with buyers through an exhibition. With recent advances in technology, virtual exhibitions have begun being created as an alternative to conventional face-to-face exhibitions. This presents an opportunity to implement other technologies within these new type of exhibition, namely generative artificial intelligence. Methods: This research involved the use of the Unity game engine to create a virtual environment resembling an exhibition space. Within this environment users can navigate their surroundings and view the products displayed at the exhibition. Generative artificial intelligence was then implemented to generate content based on the products available in the exhibition. A head mounted display and virtual reality controllers were used to view and control the application. Participants were instructed to test the application. Once done, they then filled out a user acceptance test in order to evaluate their experience of using the application and how the use of generative artificial intelligence impacted that experience. Results: Five participants tested and evaluated the application. The implementation of generative artificial intelligence had a positive impact on the quality of the information provided by the application. In addition, it did not impact the immersion of the experience. Conclusions: Generative artificial intelligence can be used in a virtual exhibition setting to dynamically generate content regarding available products.
Digital radiography; Multiscale analysis; Pixel-level fusion; Image detail enhancement; Nondestructive testing
Polyphenol-Rich Collas-Coe a Study on Antioxidant Activity and Cellular Safety
Polyphenols, known for their strong antioxidant properties, combat oxidative stress, enhance cell viability, and protect against free radical damage. These bioactive compounds hold immense potential for functional food and cosmetic innovations, supporting overall health and promoting skin resilience, offering exciting opportunities in nutraceutical and cosmetic product development. This study evaluates the bioactive properties and potential applications of Collas-Co™, a high-polyphenol ingredient with promising antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of Collas-Co™ was determined to be 58.05 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g. Its antioxidant capacity, assessed via ORAC assay, revealed a remarkably high scavenging activity of 15,221 ± 409 µmol TE/100g. Furthermore, the DPPH assay demonstrated superior radical scavenging activity, with Collas-Co™ achieving 85.67% inhibition at 2.5 mg/mL, outperforming gallic acid by approximately 15%. Cytotoxicity studies using primary human dermal fibroblasts indicated that Collas-Co™ exhibited dose-dependent effects. At lower concentrations (0.39 mg/mL), it enhanced cell viability to 112.94%, suggesting potential protective or stimulatory properties. Moderate concentrations (0.78–6.25 mg/mL) showed tolerability, while higher concentrations (>12.50 mg/mL) resulted in cytotoxicity, with an IC50 of 50.50 ± 2.07 mg/mL. These findings highlight Collas-Co™ as a potent antioxidant with moderate cytotoxicity, suitable for functional foods and cosmetic applications.
CFD Investigation of Turbulence Behaviour in Grooved Divergent Rocket Nozzles using 2 the k-? Model
�The adiabatic gas expansion in the divergent rocket area generally results in the generation of thrust 19 required for propulsion by providing an environment where the gas molecules speed rapidly out the nozzle 20 exit after traversing the nozzle area. This study investigates the impact of wall grooving in the divergent 21 section of rocket nozzles on turbulence characteristics and flow performance using Computational Fluid 22 Dynamics (CFD). Employing the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and the k� ? turbulence model in 23 ANSYS Fluent, the study compares a conventional nozzle and a grooved counterpart under identical 24 boundary conditions. Key parameters analyzed include Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), Turbulent 25 Eddy Dissipation (TED), and velocity profiles. Results reveal that while the grooved nozzle slightly 26 reduces axial velocity, it significantly enhances turbulence dissipation and flow stability by suppressing 27 lateral velocity fluctuations. Enhanced TED and uniform TKE distribution suggest improved mixing 28 and thermal energy control, making grooved nozzles a promising modification for advanced propulsion 29 systems.�
A Novel Detail-Enhancement Method for Industrial Digital Radiography via Gaussian-Free Multiscale Laplacian Adaptive Fusion
This study introduces a concise framework for detail enhancement in industrial digital radiography based on the mathematical integration of logarithmic transformation and multiscale Laplacian analysis. The proposed method utilizes multiscale adaptive pixel-level fusion with hyperbolic tangent-based coefficients to preserve microscale defects while enhancing subtle features throughout the dynamic range. Quantitative evaluations of diverse industrial welds, including ship plates, boilers, and oil pipelines, demonstrated substantial improvements. In oil pipeline weld inspections, the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio of the method based on Histogram Equalization increased by 133.82%, whereas the Structural Similarity Index Measure and Spatial Frequency metrics exhibited gains of up to 127.27% and 85.81%, respectively. The framework's consistent, albeit moderate, performance gains over state-of-the-art deep learning methods across all benchmarks confirm its value not only as a robust and widely applicable tool but also as a superior preprocessing or integrated solution within nondestructive testing pipelines.
Evolution of Performance Metrics for Accurate Evaluation of Speech-to-Speech Translation Models: A Literature Review
The translation of speech from a source to speech in a target language with generative artificial intelligence is an area of research that is presently being actively explored. This is aimed at solving global language barriers thereby ensuring seamless communication between the individuals involved. It has been well developed for high-resourced languages like English, Spanish, French and Chinese. Currently, objective evaluation metrics such as Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Scores (BLEUS), and subjective metrics such as Mean Opinion Score Naturalness (MOSN) and Mean Opinion Score Similarity (MOSS) are being used to evaluate the performance of the output of speech-to-speech models. However, low resourced languages are still undeveloped in the area of speech processing applications, especially the African indigenous languages. The output speech in the target language needs to be evaluated to determine the closeness to the ground truth, as well as how natural and intelligible it is to the intended listeners. This paper presents a review of trends from the current metrics to emerging ones such as Recall Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation-L (ROUGE-L) and BLASER. The applications of speech models’ metrics on various leaderboards and modern AI platforms were also discussed. The outcome shows that while BLEU score and MOSN metrics are prevalent for speech models, there is a need to explore metrics such as ROUGE-L, and BERTScore which are machine translation metric due to their benefits.
visualization of the axiom control CNC system
Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Scores (BLEUS)
Recall Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation Longest Common Subsequence (ROUGE-L)
Development of Nanotechnology for Manned and unmanned Aircraft: Perspectives on Jet Engines, Fuels, spacecraft, AI, and Sustainability
These days, nanotechnology has provided an enormous benefit to the aviation and aerospace industries for improved manufacturing, spacecraft, fuels, health, and more. The objective of this paper is to review and propose a higher level of nanotechnology development in the aviation industry. While space exploration and tourism have brought about an appreciation for Earth’s environmental changes from space, numerous criticisms have indicated the large negative impact space travel has made on the environment. Here, nanotechnology is offered as a field that can both improve space tourism and decrease its impact on the Earth’s environment. Specifically, this paper starts with a review of what material properties are needed for space exploration and then suggests the use of nanotechnology in the development of improved composite materials for jet engines, propulsion, and durability, considering aeronautical standards and aerospace developments, introducing the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). This research includes aerospace and aeronautical industry manufacturers, their new nanotechnological strategies and breakthroughs, as well as failed attempts during manufacturing or operations. Addressing the failures, this research indicates possible future steps for developing nanotechnology in unmanned and manned aircraft to reduce harm to the environment while still achieving space exploration.
Refurbishment and Conversion to Pumped/Storage Systems of Hydroelectric Power Plants in C????ba (Argentina)
This research presents a comprehensive methodology for the technical and environmental assessment of the refurbishment and modernization of existing hydroelectric plants in the province of C�rdoba (Argentina) to use pumped storage hydropower (PSH) systems. The study is based on leveraging existing civil infrastructure, with the goal of minimizing environmental impacts, optimizing economic resources, and improving provincial energy management. The proposed methodology combines technical, hydrological, environmental, and water resource management criteria to prioritize sites with high conversion feasibility. Of the total number of plants analyzed, four were identified as having favorable conditions: Fitz Simon, Cassaffousth, Los Molinos I, and La Vi�a. Field campaigns and specific analyses were subsequently conducted to assess the technical and operational feasibility of their refurbishment and modernization. The results show that the selected plants have high potential to operate with pumped storage energy storage schemes, contributing to the integration of intermittent renewable energy and strengthening the provincial electricity grid. The case of the La Vi�a Power Plant is presented in detail, given its current modernization process, highlighting the technical and economic opportunity of incorporating the reversible pumping function simultaneously with the equipment upgrade.
CNT’s based Nanomaterials: An Interesting Cluster of Biosensors
This article outlines the function of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the fabrication of biosensors for various applications. We explain why CNTs are employed more frequently in biosensor fabrications for different applications and why CNTs have significant potential in these areas of application by examining the differences between other members of the nano-carbon family. Furthermore, we investigated the role of these nano-carbons in the detection of different analytes in bio-sensing. This chapter focuses on recent breakthroughs in the construction of sensors and biosensors using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Biosensors are employed in a wide range of applications, from prosthetic devices to checking food quality. Because of the unique physical features of CNTs nanomaterials for biosensing applications, including optical, structural, mechanical, and thermal capabilities, the scientific community has put in a lot of effort.
Development of a Structural Model for Constructing a Cutting Tool Trajectory Analysis Module in the Axiom Control CNC System
Justification. Currently, metalworking machines are used in various industries. The operation of these machines, designed for numerical control (CNC), is impossible without the use of appropriate systems that allow for the operational configuration of the system to solve various technological problems by controlling the machine’s drives. The purpose of this work is to comprehensively analyze the functionality of the Axiom Control CNC visualization module in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses compared to similar systems on the market. In the course of the research, a detailed review of existing technologies and visualization methods used in numerical control systems will be conducted, which will allow for a deeper understanding of current trends and needs in this area. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the following task has been set, aimed at expanding the functionality of the cutting tool rendering module in the Axiom Control CNC system, namely, the analysis of existing visualization tools for the trajectory of cutting tools in CNC systems.
Decisions with Uncertainty using Deterministic Analysis
The purpose of this article is to present a simple algorithm for the analysis of decisions with multiple objectives whose measures of effectiveness are random variables. This paper discusses the possibility of using the probability functions: uniform, normal, exponential, Cauchy, Chi-square, Erlang, Gamma, and Laplace. The algorithm, based on the concepts and methodology of Decision Theory, guides the analyst so that he can interact with the decision- maker. First, the analyst asks the decision-maker to define his objectives in the problem he is going to analyze, as well as the measures of effectiveness to evaluate its achievement. Then, he asks questions to the decision-maker to determine his type of behavior: aversion, proneness or neutrality to risk, for each measure of effectiveness. Next, for each of them, calculate its utility function. At that point, he asks the decision-maker to specify the alternatives to be analyzed with their probability function, their range, their mean, and standard deviation.
online hospital services; technology acceptance model; perceived usefulness; perceived ease of use; trust
Structural Equation Model Approach to Understand Intentions to use Online Hospital Services (OHS) in Context of Rural China
This study aims to explore the factors influencing the adoption of Online Hospital Services (OHS) among rural residents in China, utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to analyze data collected from 422 participants with Internet hospital experience, selected through random sampling. Data collection involved online questionnaires distributed over 45 days, resulting in effective samples. The survey was divided into six sections, focusing on various aspects of user perceptions and intentions regarding OHS. The results indicate that perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) positively affect attitudes towards OHS, with trust acting as a crucial mediator between these variables and usage intentions. The studys theoretical contributions include extending TAM by highlighting the central role of trust in digital health adoption, particularly in rural contexts. Practically, the findings suggest that policymakers and technology developers should focus on enhancing trust and user-friendliness to promote OHS adoption, thereby bridging the urban-rural healthcare divide and improving healthcare accessibility.
Optimization of Solar Energy using Artificial Neural Network VS Recurrent Neural Network Controller with Ultra Lift Luo Converter
In today’s society, the demand for clean energy is essential. Traditionally, renewable sources such as hydropower, wind, and solar have provided sustainable solutions. Photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electricity from sunlight using semiconductor PV cells, which have been effective for over 30 years. The efficiency of PV cells depends on irradiance (solar photon intensity) and temperature. Higher irradiance boosts efficiency, while higher temperatures reduce it. Despite their low voltage outputs, PV systems can be optimized with DC-DC Ultra Lift Luo converters to meet load requirements, improving system efficiency. The Ultra Lift Luo converter, a type of DC-DC converter, offers a higher voltage conversion gain than conventional boost converters. This converter belongs to the Luo converter family, which uses advanced techniques to achieve high voltage gain and efficiency. Solar irradiance fluctuates throughout the day, impacting PV cell output. Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPTs) adjust the system’s operating point to sustain peak efficiency. This study aims to design AI controllers for MPPT management. In addition, we evaluate the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) with three datasets to determine the most efficient AI controller for optimizing solar energy systems.
Study of the Eigenmodes of Anoptical Waveguide with a Refractive Index that Varies in the Radial Direction from the Central Axis
Using finite element analysis, the eigenmodes of the optical waveguide whose refractive index vary in the radial direction was obtained. To perform efficient calculations, the cross section of the waveguide was divided into a mesh structure of triangular element. The eigenmatrix equations that describe the characteristics of eigenmode were composed of the edges and nodes of triangular elements. The eigenmodes were established with transverse electric field, and electric potential. These were represented schematically as 2-Dim electric field, 3-Dim electric potential and 2-Dim electric equipotential contour. These representations were arranged sequentially from the lower order eigenmodes. And the unusual ones were randomly organized regardless of ordering index to reveal their characteristics more clearly. From these results, it was found that the refractive index distribution adopted in this study sufficiently performed the function of focusing electromagnetic waves in the central region.