\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter \IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}% {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}% {\RequirePackage{color}} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{wrapfig} \usepackage{ifxetex} \ifxetex \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{xunicode} \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash} \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{} \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}} \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}} \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}} \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}} \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono} \else \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}% {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \PrerenderUnicode{–} }% {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{float} \usepackage[]{ucs} \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash } \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{} \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}} \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}} \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,} \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ } \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>} \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}} \def\textJapanese{} \def\textChinese{} \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{} \fi \def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small} \DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25} \usepackage{relsize} \RequirePackage{array} \def\@testpach{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@ \else \z@ \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}% \@chnum \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else \z@ \@chclass \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else \if \@nextchar !6 \else \if \@nextchar @7 \else \if \@nextchar (8 \else \if \@nextchar )9 \else 10 \@chnum \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else \if \@nextchar p4 \else \if \@nextchar b5 \else \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi} \gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr} \def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \def\abbr{} \def\corr{} \def\expan{} \def\gap{} \def\orig{} \def\reg{} \def\ref{} \def\sic{} \def\persName{}\def\name{} \def\placeName{} \def\orgName{} \def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}} \def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}} \def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}} \def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} \def\textquoted#1{‘#1’} \def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}} \def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} \def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}} \def\titlem{\itshape} \newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{bibl}{}{} \newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{rubric}{}{} \newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par } \newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}} \newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}} \definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75} \def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}} \DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@} \def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}} \begingroup \catcode`\_=\active \gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}} \endgroup \mathcode`\_=\string"8000 \catcode`\_=12\relax \usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{framed} \definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{marginnote} \renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1} \renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize} \def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage[pdftitle={Scan to know paper details and author's profile}, pdfauthor={}]{hyperref} \hyperbaseurl{} \paperwidth210mm \paperheight297mm \def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} \def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} \def\@dotsep{4.5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \clubpenalty=8000 \emergencystretch 3em \hbadness=4000 \hyphenpenalty=400 \pretolerance=750 \tolerance=2000 \vbadness=4000 \widowpenalty=10000 \renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\large}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\normalsize}} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}% {-1em}% {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}} \def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par \endgroup} \def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} \@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{} \@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{} \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \def\chaptername{Chapter} \def\frontmatter{% \pagenumbering{roman} \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section} \def\theHsection{\roman{section}} \def\@chapapp{}% } \def\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter} \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6} \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}% \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}} } \def\backmatter{% \cleardoublepage \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}% \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}} \appendix } \newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \@openbib@code \usecounter{enumiv}% \let\p@enumiv\@empty \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% }% \sloppy \clubpenalty4000 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty \widowpenalty4000% \sfcode`\.\@m}% {\def\@noitemerr {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}% \endlist} \def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}} \parskip0pt \parindent1em \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \newenvironment{reflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{sansreflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{1970-01-01 (revised: 01 January 1970)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{1970-01-01} \title{Scan to know paper details and author's profile} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \affil[1]{ } \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970} \maketitle \begin{abstract} \end{abstract} \keywords{} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm) {{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}} \end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& \section[{I. INTRODUCTION}]{I. INTRODUCTION}\par Counterproductive work behaviour is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The study of such behaviour requires the consideration of various factors: emergence factors, vulnerability factors and moderating factors \hyperref[b32]{(Jauvin \& al., 1999)}. In recent decades, the prevention of deviant behaviour and the promotion of well-being have become the major concerns of public and private companies \hyperref[b6]{(Bernaud \& al., 2016)}. This concern becomes alarming in Cameroon where workers evolve in a context characterised by the collapse of the value placed on work, boredom, dissipation, vacuity, apathy and disloyal behaviour \hyperref[b43]{(Nyock Ilouga \& al., 2018}). An investigation by the Cameroonian Ministry of Finance reveals that the country lost nearly 6,000 billion CFA francs between 2012 and 2017 as a result of embezzlement of public funds, desertion at work and unreported deaths \hyperref[b7]{(Biaga, 2019)}. In a bid to identify the causes and eventually find solutions to this phenomenon, researchers pay particular attention to the organisational disinvestment caused by long breaks, repeated absences, presenteeism \hyperref[b21]{(El Akremi, 2006)}, theft, aggression or sabotage (Le \hyperref[b39]{Roy, 2010)} or any other form of disloyal practice aimed at harming a client, a colleague or the organisation itself \hyperref[b12]{(Buss, 1961)}. The psychodynamic perspective suggest that, these various types of behaviour often reflect a sort of revenge displayed by employees in response to a perceived frustration or injustice \hyperref[b19]{(Dejours, 2001)}. This situation is usually the root of interpersonal conflicts at work \hyperref[b10]{(Bies \& TRipp, 1996;}\hyperref[b35]{Kim et al., 1998;}\hyperref[b1]{Aquino et al., 1999;}\hyperref[b39]{Le Roy, 2010)}.\par The interest in the psycho-affective mechanisms that precede counterproductive work behaviour stems from an attempt to overcome the obvious limitations of behaviourism, which overlooks the interiority of individuals. However, as El Akremi (2006) points out, the first reaction to frustration is emotional and attitudinal. It is therefore appropriate to admit that the external stimuli for this behaviour is transmitted by psychological London Journal of Research in Management and Business mechanisms. In the same vein, this study examines the mediating role of emotions, expressed as resentment, in the relationship between perceived empowerment leadership and counterproductive work behaviour. Resentment refers to a memory of injustice (or frustration) experienced repeatedly, causing negative emotions which, combined with a feeling of powerlessness, drives the victim into taking revenge \hyperref[b26]{(Fleury, 2020)}. The Cameroonian work environment is dominated by an erratic mode of operation enforced by line managers. Workers must comply with operating rules from hierarchical structures that are rigid and poorly adapted to operational objectives and constraints {\ref (Tamekou, 2008)}. This increases formalism and submission to the detriment of autonomy and creativity. Such a situation is the antithesis of so-called empowering managerial practices and can be a source of frustration for employees.\par As a matter of fact, the steps taken by the Cameroonian authorities are barely able to considerably reduce counterproductive behaviour at work. Most of these legal and administrative measures -derived from the situational prevention model in criminology (Clarke, 1980)focus on prevention, control and repression. It is accepted from a behaviourist point of view that negative reinforcement contributes to the gradual reduction of unwanted behaviour \hyperref[b52]{(Skinner, 1938)}.\par However, the persistence of counterproductive behaviour in the Cameroonian context leads to a closer look at some of the deeper psychological processes involving emotions and resentment, which motivate the willingness to violate organisational norms and harm stakeholders.\par Based on an analysis of leadership practice in some Francophone African countries, Shu (2013) suggested that non-formal socio-cultural criteria such as: dowry, solidarity and the strong involvement of traditional power should be considered when designing and implementing management practices in African organisations. This reality hinders the ambitions of many employees in need of autonomy and a large degree of decision-making latitude in the practice of their professions. This frustration also affects many workers who, due to this managerial difficulty associated with the lack of resources, are bored at work. \section[{Frustration and negative emotions at work}]{Frustration and negative emotions at work}\par Based on current knowledge in the field, we know that the increase in counterproductive work behaviour is a structural and systemic problem, rooted in social, economic, organisational and cultural factors \hyperref[b13]{(Chappell \& Di Martino, 2000;}\hyperref[b46]{Mayhew \& Quinlan, 1999)}. Several individual, organisational and social factors are associated to it. Some are not work related (personality, family tensions) while others are directly related to work (incomprehension of tasks, impoverishment of workers, boredom and vacuity, perceived leadership). The emergence of counterproductive work behaviour may result from a combination of multiple, interrelated and accumulating factors. According to the explanatory models formulated, emotions play an important role. We can regard emotion as a mental state that triggers one to react in an impulsive and irresponsible manner. As such, emotion remains an intrinsic component of our action insofar as it is integrated in our beliefs and desires. Emotion is a particular state of a being mobilised under well-defined conditions (a so-called emotional state) accompanied by a subjective experience and somatic and visceral manifestations \hyperref[b20]{(Doron \& Parot, 2004)}. Whether pleasant or unpleasant, emotions have the common characteristic of not being purely cerebral but rather being accompanied by somatic and physiological modifications. Some theories consider the cognition of emotional sequence as the perception and evaluation of the significance of an event for a person's well-being \hyperref[b15]{(Christophe, 1998)}. These cognitive approaches to appraisal also assume that the nature of emotion is determined by a cognitive evaluation ("appraisal") in which the criteria of usefulness or harmfulness to the organism of a transaction with the environment occupy a central position. Emotion is a temporal process that includes various psychological mechanisms through which an event, a situation will become an emotional stimulus and give rise to an evaluation. In other words, counterproductive work behaviour results London Journal of Research in Management and Business from the negative evaluation of an event that is emotionally perceived as harmful to the person's well-being. The frustrating event gives rise to emotions such as rage, anger, revenge and betrayal although reactions can vary over time and are intimately related to the subjective meaning given by the individual to the event \hyperref[b25]{(Fineman, 2008)}.\par In the view of {\ref Berkowitz (1998)}, strong emotions can lead to impulsive reactions. In this light, Fox and Spector's (1999) study clearly links frustration to the increase in counterproductive work behaviour. These authors consider frustration as the main trigger for revenge. What role do stable emotional tendencies play in the expression of the response to a frustrating event? Based on the frustration-aggression model {\ref (Dollard et al., 1939)}, {\ref Berkowitz (1989)} highlights the role of negative emotions in the relationship between frustration and aggression. From this author's view, aggressive behaviour is a function of the individual's evaluation of a situation and the intensity of negative emotions. Emotion is an adaptive response to environmental stimuli (Plutchik, 1989) that gives way to the formulation of intentions to either engage or not in certain behaviour {\ref (Bies \& al., 1997)}.\par Following the Stressor-Emotion Model \hyperref[b54]{(Spector \& Fox, 2005)}, negative emotions do not only result from an unforeseen blockage in the quest for a goal; but also emerge in response to any stressful organisational situation. As such, based on the Stressor-Emotion Model, when an employee experiences a frustrating or stressful situation at work, he or she develops negative emotions and feelings and eventually adopts anti-social behaviour. {\ref Empirical} The frustration-aggression dynamic model {\ref (Dollard et al., 1939)} emphasises that counterproductive behaviour is generally used to reduce the tension created by frustration. In this perspective, the individual will only resort to revenge if he or she does not have the right and legitimate means to repair a frustration (or injustice) incurred. The feeling of powerlessness then appears as an indispensable mediator in the relationship between frustration and revenge. As a matter of fact, \hyperref[b8]{Bies (2001)} point out that negative emotions felt repeatedly form hostile scripts. As such, once the stressful and frustrating situation is felt, negative emotions settle in the individual and a primary and secondary evaluation follows according to the cognitive aspect (arousal of hostile thoughts, memory and affective scripts); the affective aspect (recurrence of hostile and angry feelings) and the conative aspect (transfer of arousal, willingness to engage in hostile behaviour). From the elaborated hostile schemas, the interpretation of ambiguous events feed the feeling of powerlessness resulting to resentment \hyperref[b26]{(Fleury, 2020)}. \section[{Understanding the dynamics of resentment}]{Understanding the dynamics of resentment}\par Resentment is defined as a memory of injustice that arouses negative emotions accompanied by a desire for revenge. It is a form of resentment fostered by repeated instances of injustice experienced by man in his environment \hyperref[b26]{(Fleury, 2020)}. Resentment in individuals always results from an injury, violence suffered, frustration or trauma to which the victim cannot react directly, due to powerlessness. He therefore ponders his revenge, which he cannot carry out and which torments him incessantly to the point of "explosion".\par Schematically, an employee experiences frustration or injustice as a result of a belief in a right that he or she is denied \hyperref[b30]{(Greenberg, 1996)}. This situation can expose the employee to the ordeal of resentment if he or she lacks the possibility of obtaining redress. As \hyperref[b26]{Fleury (2020)} London Journal of Research in Management and Business points out, the mechanism of resentment is based on "mental rumination", which is a characteristic of bitterness related to the uncomfortable situation experienced and maintained on a daily basis in the psyche with the desire to take revenge; this revenge is not only aimed at repairing the harm incurred, but also to get rid of the negative emotions associated with it.\par According to \hyperref[b38]{Leventhal (1979)}, \hyperref[b37]{Lang (1985)} and \hyperref[b11]{Bower (1980)}, the schematic process of emotions starts from the different components (circumstances, perceptual conditions, expressive, psychological, subjective, behavioural responses) of each particular emotional experience which are represented together in the episodic memory. The recurrence of these emotional experiences with similar elements then leads to the formation of a prototype (generalized pattern) of this class of emotion. Whether manifest or dormant, if this class of emotion is associated to feelings of powerlessness, the individual will be exposed to resentment. Once resentment sets in, the undefined address of the response broadens the target of revenge. This situation helps to deal with a reality that could not be tolerated because it is deemed unfair, unequal, humiliating, unworthy of the merit that one attributes to oneself. \hyperref[b49]{(Scheller, 1970)}. \section[{The test of empowering leadership in an entropic context}]{The test of empowering leadership in an entropic context}\par In their analysis, \hyperref[b45]{Pinder and Harlos (2001)} note that maintaining a culture of perceived unfairness and frustration in a company (with strong control, ambiguous rules, weak evaluations) often makes employees silent, so that they choose to not express their views. Yet leadership needs are constantly evolving to accommodate the fact that workers are the main resources for organisations to thrive in the knowledge economy \hyperref[b18]{(Davenport, 2010)}. Adopting an approach that helps to maximise organisational performance and human capital well-being has become an imperative that forces many organisations and managers to review their leadership practices. Considered as a process of power sharing by line managers, empowering leadership enhances the autonomy, potential, meaning and impact of employees and work teams \hyperref[b36]{(Kirkman \& Rosen, 1999)}. Empowerment is a process of enhancing feelings of self-efficiency among organisational members by identifying, eliminating disempowering conditions, increasing resources, expanding room for manoeuvre and empowering people through formal and informal organisational practices of sharing useful information \hyperref[b17]{(Conger \& Kanungo, 1988)}. Empowering leadership generally gives rise to prosocial behaviour since it requires formal leaders to encourage subordinates to express their opinions, promote collaborative decision making and support information sharing and teamwork (Arnold, Arad, Rhoades, \& Drasgow, 2000; Chen, Bih, Zih, \& Tsung, 2011; Pearce, Sims, Cox, Ball, \& Smith, 2003). However, Cameroonian workplaces go through a leadership crisis which seems to have abandoned to the workers the responsibility for inventing their functioning mode. This leadership crisis is rooted in the difficulty, already chronic, of moving from bureaucratic and authoritarian style to manage by objectives and control (Nyock Ilouga \& Moussa Mouloungui, 2019). In reality, the networks of solidarity in charge of the organisation of professional circles in Cameroon disable the control mechanisms, which are indispensable in management by objectives. Nevertheless, some of the empowering leadership behaviour identified by \hyperref[b2]{Arnold and al. (2000)} seem to have taken root in this context. These are : 1) management by example, which reflects the leader's commitment not only to his work, but also to that of his team members ; 2) coaching (autonomy) which is a set of behaviour aimed at empowering team members; 3) participatory decision-making, which comprises the inclusion of ideas and opinions of team members into the decision-making process; 4) consideration (interaction with collaborators) which is a set of behaviour that promotes the well-being of team members; and 5) information sharing which is the dissemination of important information such as information concerning the mission and philosophy of the organisation. These observations suggest the hypothesis that perceived empowering leadership reduces the expression of resentment in employees. This London Journal of Research in Management and Business \section[{? ?}]{? ?}\par In this conception, rather than focusing on the direct benefits of empowering leadership and the role of emotions, \hyperref[b4]{Baron and Kenny (1986)} mainly focus on the effect of their interaction. There is therefore a high risk of inflation in London Journal of Research in Management and Business multicollinearity when the effects of the independent variable and the mediator on the dependent variable are jointly estimated ( ). As ? 3 a result, the independent variable could have a smaller coefficient when it predicts the dependent variable (c) on its own and a larger coefficient when it acts simultaneously in the same equation with the mediator ( ), but the ? ' larger coefficient will not be significant while the smaller coefficient would be. In the case where the value of is reduced to zero, we have strong ?'\par evidence of a single dominant mediating variable, whereas, if this same residual effect of on is ? ? non-zero, then several mediating factors are involved. In order to reduce the risk of multicollinearity inflation and to ensure the significance of the mediator effect, the use of the factorial approach suggested by Yzerbyt et al. ( {\ref 2018}) is recommended. This approach proceeds to the demonstration that the two coefficients that form the product between the direct effect of on (a) and the residual effect of on (b) ? ? ? ? are simultaneously significant. \section[{Hypotheses}]{Hypotheses}\par Emotions arise from the stimuli perceived by the individual in his or her environment. This evaluation is further intensified when combined with issues of perceived organisational justice. In a given organisational context indeed, emotions are not always entirely similar in nature, although \hyperref[b47]{Rein et al. (1995)} \section[{H2: The practice of empowering leadership reduces the occurrence of counterproductive work behaviour.}]{H2: The practice of empowering leadership reduces the occurrence of counterproductive work behaviour.}\par Following the logic of the stressor-emotion model \hyperref[b54]{(Spector \& Fox, 2005)}, the employee's emotional state is expected to determine his behaviour at work (H3).\par In other words, an employee with negative emotional experiences shows more CWB while the expression of positive emotions will likely show less. \section[{H4: The employee's emotions mediate the relationship between perceived empowering leadership and CWB.}]{H4: The employee's emotions mediate the relationship between perceived empowering leadership and CWB.}\par Based on the studies of Van Katwik and al.\par (2000) who distinguish negatives emotions from positives emotions at work, the following sub-hypotheses are formulated:\par H4a) Positive emotions mediate the relationship between empowering leadership practices and CWB. This hypothesis H4b) Negative emotions mediate the relationship between empowering leadership and CWB. \section[{III. METHODOLOGY}]{III. METHODOLOGY} \section[{1 Participants}]{1 Participants}\par This study was carried out with a snowball sample of 156 civil servants from the central administration (78 men and 78 women), serving in different government ministries in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Following the code of ethics and professional conduct for university research, we presented the objectives of the study to the participants and assured them that their anonymity as well as the confidentiality of their answers would be maintained. According to the implied consent method \hyperref[b27]{(Fortin et al., 2006)} Respondents were asked to express their opinions on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1) never to 5) very often.\par The fourth section measuring counter-productive work behaviour comprises the Counterproductive Work Behaviour Check list (CWB-C) by \hyperref[b29]{(Spector et al., 2006)}. This scale was designed using the compilation of certain items from previous scales \hyperref[b28]{(Fox \& Spector, 1999;}\hyperref[b31]{Hollinger, 1986;}\hyperref[b41]{Neuman \& Baron, 1998;}\hyperref[b48]{Robinson \& Bennett, 1995;}\hyperref[b53]{Spector, 1975)}. Since this study measures the probability of occurrence of CWBs as a result of the employee's feelings, we opted for the actor's (aggressor's) perspective and respondents were asked to rate their frequency of CWBs observation using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1) never to 5) every day. Example: Verbally abusing a colleague or client. \section[{London Journal of Research in Management and Business}]{London Journal of Research in Management and Business}\par Internal consistency tests (Cronbach's alpha) were used to assess the internal consistency between the items of the tools used. Descriptive analyses (means and standard deviations) were also used to summarise the information collected on each variable. To test our different hypotheses, the linear least squares technique was used to solve linear regression equations \hyperref[b4]{(Baron \& Kenny, 1986)}.\par IV. RESULTS \section[{Descriptive analysis}]{Descriptive analysis}\par The \section[{Hypothesis tests}]{Hypothesis tests}\par The results of the relationship hypothesis test from the linear regression analysis indicate that all dimensions of perceived empowerment leadership have a statistically significant effect on employees' emotions. Multiple regression analysis was carried out on SPSS to estimate the direct effects of empowerment leadership dimensions on counterproductive behaviour. These results equally reveal the respective contributions of each empowerment leadership crisis dimensions in the explanation of the variance of the scores obtained during the evaluation of counterproductive behaviour.\par Overall, it appears that empowering leadership is a predictor of counterproductive behaviour against the organisation ( ) and the effect of information sharing remains ? ?? 2 = 0, 222 ; ? = 9, 861 ? = 0, 000 significant ( ). However, the effects of other dimensions are ? =-, 254 ; ? =-2, 289 ; ? = 0, 023) insignificant, i.e., management by example ( ), interaction with the ? = -, 021 ; ? = 0, 819), supervisor (\par ), autonomy ( and participation in ? = 0, 068 ; ? = 0, 551), ? = -0, 173; ? = 0, 275) decision making ( . Concerning counter-productive behaviour against ? = 0, 102; ? = 0, 420) individuals, the analyses carried out show that empowering leadership practices represent an explanatory factor with a significant effect (\par ). Among the ? ?? 2 = 0, 321 ; ? = 12, 115; ? = 0, 000 empowerment leadership dimensions, only the effect of information sharing remains significant (\par ). The effects of other dimensions are insignificant. Namely, ? =-, 325; ? =-2, 763; ? = 0, 006) management by example ( interaction with the supervisor ? = -, 071; ? = 0, 476), \section[{(}]{(}\par ), autonomy ( and participation in decision ? = 0, 42; ? = 0, 725), ? = -, 079; ? = 0, 637) \section[{making (}]{making (}\par ). The result of this analysis indicates that empowering leadership ? = -0, 164; ? = 0, 222) contributes to a significant reduction in counterproductive work behaviour; this observation confirms our first hypothesis . Similarly, the effect of empowering leadership practices on employees' (? In terms of negative emotions, it appears that empowering leadership contributes to a significant decrease in negative emotions in employee (\par ). With a significant ? ?? 2 = 0, 162 ; ?12, 115; ? = 0, 000 effect for information sharing (.\par ).Regarding management by example ? = 0, 217; ? = 0, 06)(\par ); participative decision making ( ); interaction ? = 0, 071; ? = 0, 476) ? = -0, 164; ? = 0, 222)\par with the superior ( ); autonomy ( ). These results ? = -0, 042; ? = 0, 725) ? = 0, 079; ? = 0, 637)\par reveal that potential effects produced by the different dimensions of the leadership crisis may favour the multiplication of counterproductive behaviour against individuals. However, not all the potential effects observed here are statistically significant. In other words, all dimensions of the empowering leadership crisis are involved in explaining this type of behaviour. This result goes in line with Hypothesis 2. The analysis of the effect of emotions on counterproductive work behaviour carried out revealed that emotions felt by employees explain their adoption of counterproductive work behaviour against organisations ( ), while the negative emotions expressed ? ?? 2 = 0, 320 ; ? = 37, 45; ? = 0, 000 tend to favour their multiplication ( , the positive emotions felt ? = 0, 539; ? = 5, 655; ? = 0, 000)\par London Journal of Research in Management and Business rather contribute to their reduction (\par ). This result indicates a ? =-0, 250; ? =-2, 390; ? = 0, 018) need for leaders to multiply actions that generate positive emotions while avoiding those that may cause negative emotions in employees. This would significantly reduce aggressive behaviour towards their organisations. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that employees' emotions account for their engagement in aggressive acts against people ( ). In fact, it ? ?? 2 = 0, 315 ; ? = 36, 575; ? = 0, 000 appears that the expression of negative emotions significantly increases CWBP while positive emotions slightly contribute to their reduction ? = 0, 585; ? = 6, 654; ? = 0, 000)(\par . This result confirms the third hypothesis of this study. ? =-0, 085;; ? = 0, 392) \section[{The mediation Analysis}]{The mediation Analysis}\par To establish the relationship between the three main variables of this study, a mediation analysis was applied. Structural equation modelling was used to ensure the validity of the proposed models. The objective of the structural model test is to evaluate the fit level of the study's model to the data, in order to assess the relationship between each latent variable and the overall model. The goodness of fit of the structural model is verified via the evaluation of the absolute, incremental and parsimony indices.\par As such, the results of this analysis, implemented using JASP software under Windows, show satisfactory incremental indices (CFI, TLI, NFI) and parsimony indices (RMSEA and SRMR) for the first model (Table \hyperref[tab_4]{3}). {\ref 2003)}. This suggests that the structural model is valid and can be applied to the study population for an explanation of the CWBs.\par Since the saturation coefficients of the manifestations of each construct are high and significant, it thus appears that each construct is well informed by its dimensions which represent the different manifestations at the same time. This allows us to test the postulated mediating effect. \section[{The mediating role of negative emotion}]{The mediating role of negative emotion}\par The objective of this analysis is to examine the mediating role of the negative emotions (M) in the relationship between empowering leadership (X) and counterproductive work behaviour (Y). A causal path analysis was used following the structural equation modelling technique \hyperref[b0]{(Alger \& De Boeck, 2017)}. The guidelines of \hyperref[b4]{Baron and Kenny (1986)} were followed in order to verify the respect of the basic postulates of a mediation effect. Firstly, these authors mention that, in order to conclude a mediation effect, the independent variable must be related to the mediating variable. This first condition was met, as the regression equation [ ] shows that:? = ? 2.0 + ?? + ? 2 (? 2 )\par -Empowering leadership significantly contributes to explaining the variance in negative emotion scores, adjusted R 2 = .32 -0.761, z = -6.566, p < .001. ? = -Secondly, it is necessary for the independent variable to be significantly related to the dependent variable. This second condition was equally met. The regression equation ([ reveals that: ? = ? 1.0 + ?? + ? 1 (? Thirdly, the mediating variable must be related to the dependent variable. This third condition was met, as the regression equation reveals that:\par -Negative emotions significantly contribute to explaining the variance in scores obtained from the assessment of counterproductive work behaviour, adjusted R 2 = .54; b= 0.486, z = 5.648, p < .001.\par Finally, according to \hyperref[b4]{Baron and Kenny (1986)}, perfect mediation is observed if the independent variable no longer has an effect on the dependent variable when the mediating variable is controlled. Conversely, if the relationship between the independent and dependent variable decreases but remains significant when the mediating variable is controlled, then a partial mediating effect can be concluded. {\ref al., 2003)}. This makes it possible to apply it to the study population for an explanation of the CWBs. Since the saturation coefficients of the manifestations of each construct are high and significant, it thus appears that each of the three constructs (empowering leadership, positive emotion and CWB) is well informed by its dimensions which represent the different manifestations at the same time. The test of the postulated mediator of the positive emotion effect is carried out through a multiple regression analysis and the results are presented in the table below. \section[{The mediating role of positive emotions}]{The mediating role of positive emotions}\par The objective of this analysis is to examine the mediating role of the positive emotions (M) in the relationship between empowering leadership (X) and counterproductive work behaviour (Y). Following the approach outlined above, the first step is assured and reveals that: London Journal of Research in Management and Business From the analyses carried out, it appears that the emotions felt by employees mediate the effect of perceived empowering leadership on the counterproductive behaviour that employees engage in at work. Furthermore, the mediation of positive emotions significantly reduces CWBs, while the mediation of negative emotions contributes to increasing them. Hence, the severity of transgressions may increase as the discomfort of negative emotional sanctions is intensified. However, empowering leadership practices contribute to increasing positive emotional feelings in employees while reducing negative emotions and CWB. \section[{V. DISCUSSION}]{V. DISCUSSION}\par The result of this study highlights that in a context where employees experience more positive than negative emotions, they are tempted to engage in very few counterproductive behaviour, although the studies of \hyperref[b47]{Rein et al. (1995)} acknowledge that negative effect tends to be retained longer in memory longer rather than positive effect. Following this logic, positive emotions can significantly counteract aggressive tendencies. However, if positive emotional sequences occur in a context where employees are dominated by negative emotions, there will be an increase in CWBs against the organisation and individuals. This result is in line with Berkowitz's (1969) model which notes that any unpleasant event (provocation, frustration, unpleasant stimulus...) causes a negative effect, which induces a temporary activation of various thoughts, memories, reactions and physiological responses, making the individual more likely to later act aggressively. It is therefore clear that, out of frustration, civil servants will react directly to the crisis of empowering leadership by adopting counterproductive behaviour against the organisation or individuals, probably when the intensity of the frustration is high. This observation goes in line with the Stressor Emotion Model \hyperref[b54]{(Spector \& Fox, 2005)}. \section[{London Journal of Research in Management and Business}]{London Journal of Research in Management and Business}\par The Stressor-Emotion Model establishes a linear causal relationship between lack of autonomy, negative emotions and CWBs. This reflects the need to emphasise employees' autonomy and access to information in order to reduce their tendency to engage in theft, embezzlement, corruption, etc., which are rife in the public service today. In his study model, \hyperref[b34]{Kelley (1992)} points out that in leadership practice, the best followers are committed subordinates who are able to courageously state their views. However, in order to achieve this, managers need to create a framework that enables them to become "exemplary employees". This can only be possible if the manager sets an example and is a role model for the employees.\par Bies and his collaborators have found that employees generally also expect managers to treat them with respect, honesty, courtesy and politeness, to care about their rights and well-being and to observe certain moral standards of interpersonal behaviour \hyperref[b9]{(Bies \& Moag, 1986;}\hyperref[b8]{Bies, 2001)}. In this case, the superior appears as a relational partner whose level of respect for the principles of interpersonal behaviour constitutes a criterion for employees to judge his or her fairness \hyperref[b8]{(Bies, 2001}) and loyalty {\ref (Tyler \& Degoey, 1996)}. Moreover, \hyperref[b22]{Erhart and Klein (2001)} observed in a study that employees would prefer to work with a relationship-oriented leader, as opposed to a charismatic or task-oriented leader.\par Previous studies have shown that empowering leadership leads to the development of positive effect and prosocial behaviour at work. This form of leadership is based on a process of power sharing by formal leaders that improves the autonomy, potential, purpose and impact of employees and work teams \hyperref[b36]{(Kirkman \& Rosen, 1999)}. This study follows this trend by noting that the crisis of empowering leadership activates negative emotions in employees and leads them to adopt counterproductive work behaviour in response, which may be targeted either against the organisation that employs them, or against individuals working there (authorities and colleagues) or who attend for a service needed (customers).\par This study encourages managers to focus more on empowering employees in order to stimulate positive emotions, which are one of the key factors of commitment and prosocial work behaviour. More importantly, these leadership practices help to avoid tensions and resentments within the organisation which can lead to revenge \hyperref[b26]{(Fleury, 2020)} or counterproductive behaviour \hyperref[b54]{(Spector \& Fox, 2005)}.\par Similar to previous studies on the model, the emotions felt by the employee are addressed in this study as processes through which certain identified variables contribute to the development of counterproductive work behaviour. Nonetheless, \hyperref[b24]{Fida and al. (2015)} noted the importance of moral disengagement in the process of an employee violating an organisational norm. Bandura (2016) defines moral disengagement as a set of ways in which individuals rationalise their wrong (unethical) actions. It is the propensity of an individual to use cognitions that allow them to restructure their unethical actions so that they appear less cruel, while mitigating the distress that would result from the harm they cause others. Future research could further explore this relationship by including this mediating variable to better explain anti-organizational behaviour.\par Author's contribution and conflict of interest 1. Nyock Ilouga Samuel was responsible for the Conceptuals apects, data analysis and Discussion of the results ; 2. Djigou Jacques was responsible for redaction, littérature review and data collection ;\par 3. Moussa Mouloungui Aude Carine was responsible for the forms issue, ethical considerations and references. \section[{Declaration of Conflicting Interests}]{Declaration of Conflicting Interests}\par The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding: the author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\par London Journal of Research in Management and Business\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}1 )}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png} \caption{\label{fig_2}1 )}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png} \caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png} \caption{\label{fig_4}Finally, as prescribed 2 â??"}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png} \caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4026315789473684\textwidth}P{0.4473684210526315\textwidth}} Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\end{longtable} \par \begin{quote} \par \par \par information sharing (?= .89); 29-38 measure interaction with collaborators (?= .93). The overall value of Cronbach's ? (0.97) confirms a good internal consistency of this scale.In the third part, the evaluation of emotions was based on the scale of\hyperref[b33]{Van Katwyk et al. (2000)}. This scale (Job Affective-relative Work Scale-JAWS) provides 20 items (Ex: My job irritates me) and measures 10 negative (?= .90) and 10 positive (?= .88) emotions encountered at work.\end{quote} \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.23672500000000002\textwidth}P{0.016149999999999998\textwidth}P{0.041225\textwidth}P{0.0038249999999999994\textwidth}P{0.023375\textwidth}P{0.42542499999999994\textwidth}P{0.0255\textwidth}P{0.0055249999999999995\textwidth}P{0.018699999999999998\textwidth}P{0.0029749999999999998\textwidth}P{0.016149999999999998\textwidth}P{0.014875000000000001\textwidth}P{0.011899999999999999\textwidth}P{0.0072250000000000005\textwidth}P{0.000425\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{theoretical mean on the Likert scale. There are}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{equally}\tabcellsep very\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{low}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{standard}\tabcellsep deviations.\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{Nevertheless, it appears that the average score of}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{counter-productive behaviour against individuals}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{(M= 1.73) remains relatively lower than the}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{average score for counterproductive behaviour}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{against the organisation (M= 2.47). It therefore}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{shows that the context of the Cameroonian public}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep service\tabcellsep \tabcellsep is\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{strongly}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{dominated}\tabcellsep by\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{counter-productive behaviour targeted against}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep the\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{organisation}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep such\tabcellsep as\tabcellsep theft\tabcellsep and\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{misappropriation of state property as mentioned}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{in the National Anti-Corruption Commission}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{report published in 2020. The analysis of the}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{descriptive statistics on the variables show}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{correlation matrix reveals, on the one hand, very}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{that the average level of positive emotions}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{significant}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{links}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{between}\tabcellsep the\tabcellsep different\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{expressed (M= 3.54) by the Cameroonian civil}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{dimensions of empowerment leadership (IV) and,}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{servant is relatively higher than the level of}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{on the other hand, very significant links between}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{negative emotions (M= 2.29). The values of the}\tabcellsep these\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{dimensions}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep of\tabcellsep the\tabcellsep IV\tabcellsep and\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{standard deviations are low, which reflect a high}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{counterproductive work behaviour. It appears}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{concentration of respondents' opinions around}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{that positive emotions are negatively related to}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{the means of the different variables of the study.}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{CWB while negative emotions are positively}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{As regards the dimensions of empowerment}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{related. All these significant correlations show}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{leadership, the mean scores obtained are very}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{that all our three variables (IV, MV and DV) are}\\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{close to each other and slightly above the}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{jointly related when combined in pairs.}\\ Variables\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 9\\ ME\tabcellsep 3.791\tabcellsep 1.00\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep ,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ DECISION T\tabcellsep 3.29\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1.00 ,659 **}\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ AUTO\tabcellsep 3.35\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1.08 ,622 **}\tabcellsep ,802 **\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ INFO S\tabcellsep 3.30\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1.08 ,504 **}\tabcellsep ,665 **\tabcellsep ,821 **\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ INTERAC\tabcellsep 3.18\tabcellsep 1.06\tabcellsep ,510 **\tabcellsep ,729 **\tabcellsep ,806 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{,668 **}\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ NEG EMOT\tabcellsep 2.49\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.88 -,338 **}\tabcellsep -,498 **\tabcellsep -,531 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,558 **}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,462 **}\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep \\ PO EMOT\tabcellsep 3.54\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.80 ,331 **}\tabcellsep ,323 **\tabcellsep ,378 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{,406 **}\tabcellsep ,333 **\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -,547 **\tabcellsep 1\\ CWB O\tabcellsep 2.47\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1.05 -,366 **}\tabcellsep -,455 **\tabcellsep -,487 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,509 **}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,393 **}\tabcellsep ,551 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,434 **}\tabcellsep 1\\ CWB P\tabcellsep 1.73\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.96 -,317 **}\tabcellsep -,409 **\tabcellsep -,464 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,474 **}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,359 **}\tabcellsep ,566 **\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-,357 **}\tabcellsep ,671 **\tabcellsep 1\end{longtable} \par \begin{quote} London Journal of Research in Management and Business 22 Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour\end{quote} \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.24285714285714283\textwidth}P{0.15714285714285714\textwidth}P{0.16428571428571428\textwidth}P{0.06428571428571428\textwidth}P{0.07142857142857144\textwidth}P{0.049999999999999996\textwidth}P{0.049999999999999996\textwidth}P{0.049999999999999996\textwidth}} Fit index of the causal model\tabcellsep Normed chi-square\tabcellsep Chi-square\tabcellsep SRMR\tabcellsep RMSEA\tabcellsep NFI\tabcellsep CFI\tabcellsep TLI\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 34.910,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Value\tabcellsep 1.939\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.032\tabcellsep 0.078\tabcellsep 0.96\tabcellsep 0.98\tabcellsep 0.97\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ddl=18\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \begin{quote} \par Statistics inTable 3 indicate a very good fit of the data to the structural model (Shermelleh-Engel \& al.,\end{quote} \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.10157232704402516\textwidth}P{0.06949685534591195\textwidth}P{0.016037735849056604\textwidth}P{0.11226415094339622\textwidth}P{0.20314465408805032\textwidth}P{0.0908805031446541\textwidth}P{0.10157232704402516\textwidth}P{0.1550314465408805\textwidth}} \multicolumn{3}{l}{Negative emotions}\tabcellsep Direct\tabcellsep Indirect\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep as Mediator\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Conclusions\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (?)\tabcellsep (?i*?j)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -.37 **\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Full\tabcellsep Hypothesis\\ EL\tabcellsep NE\tabcellsep CWB\tabcellsep -.44**\tabcellsep (-.76*.49)\tabcellsep -.81**\tabcellsep Mediation\tabcellsep accepted\end{longtable} \par \begin{quote} London Journal of Research in Management and Business 24 Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour\end{quote} \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.523972602739726\textwidth}P{0.17077625570776253\textwidth}P{0.034931506849315064\textwidth}P{0.03881278538812785\textwidth}P{0.027168949771689495\textwidth}P{0.027168949771689495\textwidth}P{0.027168949771689495\textwidth}} Fit index of the\tabcellsep Normed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Chi-square\tabcellsep SRMR\tabcellsep RMSEA\tabcellsep NFI\tabcellsep CFI\tabcellsep TLI\\ causal model\tabcellsep chi-square\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 34.143,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Value\tabcellsep 1.896\tabcellsep 0.031\tabcellsep 0.076\tabcellsep 0.96\tabcellsep 0.98\tabcellsep 0.97\\ \tabcellsep ddl=18\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Statistics in Table 5 indicate a very good fit of the}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{data to the structural model (Shermelleh-Engel \&}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_8}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.468568665377176\textwidth}P{0.04932301740812379\textwidth}P{0.06083172147001934\textwidth}P{0.004932301740812379\textwidth}P{0.03452611218568665\textwidth}P{0.09042553191489361\textwidth}P{0.046034816247582204\textwidth}P{0.0706963249516441\textwidth}P{0.024661508704061894\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Direct\tabcellsep Indirect\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Positive emotions}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Effect\tabcellsep Conclusions\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{as Mediator}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Effect\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (?)\tabcellsep (?i*?j)\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -.16 **\tabcellsep Partial\tabcellsep Hypothesis\\ EL\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{PE}\tabcellsep CWB\tabcellsep -.68**\tabcellsep -.84**\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (.49*-.33)\tabcellsep Mediation\tabcellsep accepted\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{Empowering leadership significantly contributes to explaining the variance in negative emotion}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{scores, adjusted R 2}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{= .165; ? = 493, z = 4.823, p < .001.}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{Empowering leadership significantly contributes to explaining the variance in scores obtained from}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{the assessment of counterproductive work behaviour, adjusted R 2}\tabcellsep = .44;\tabcellsep ? ' =. -0, 684\tabcellsep ; z = -5.194, p\\ < .001.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \begin{quote} \par Thirdly, the mediating variable must be related to the dependent variable. This third condition was met, as the regression equation reveals that:Positive emotions significantly contribute to explaining the variance in scores obtained from the assessment of counterproductive work behaviour, adjusted R 2 = .44; b= 33; z = -3.629, p < .001.\end{quote} \caption{\label{tab_9}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \label{foot_0}\footnote{\label{foot_0} Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour} \label{foot_1}\footnote{\label{foot_1} Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour} \label{foot_2}\footnote{\label{foot_2} Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour} \label{foot_3}\footnote{\label{foot_3} Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour} \backmatter \par workplace behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151-174). Américan Psychology Association. 55. {\ref Spector} \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[]{b23}\label{b23} \textit{}, \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00074-1}{10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00074-1}. 9843(01)00074-1. \bibitem[Scheller ()]{b49}\label{b49} \textit{}, M Scheller . \textit{L'homme du ressentiment (Col. Idées} 1970. Gallimard. p. 244. \bibitem[Chappell and Di Martino ()]{b13}\label{b13} \textit{}, D Chappell , V Di Martino . 2000. (Violence au travail. Bureau International du Travail) \bibitem[Spector and Fox (ed.) ()]{b54}\label{b54} \textit{A model of counterproductive work behavior}, P E Spector , S Fox . S. Fox \& P. E. Spector (ed.) 2005. Counterproductive. \bibitem[Fox and Spector ()]{b28}\label{b28} ‘A model of work frustration aggression’. S Fox , P E Spector . \textit{Journal of Organizational Behavior} 1999. 20 (6) p. . \bibitem[Leventhal ()]{b38}\label{b38} ‘A perceptual-motor processing model of emotion’. H Leventhal . \textit{Perception of emotion in self and others}, P Pliner , K Blankenstein , I M Spigel (eds.) 1979. Plenum. 5. \bibitem[Robinson and Bennett ()]{b48}\label{b48} ‘A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study’. S L Robinson , R J Bennett . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256693}{10.2307/256693}. \url{https://doi.org/10.2307/256693} \textit{Academy of Management Journal} 1995. 38 (2) p. . \bibitem[Hollinger ()]{b31}\label{b31} ‘Acts against the workplace: social bonding and employee deviance’. R C Hollinger . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1986.9967695}{10.1080/01639625.1986.9967695}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1986.9967695} \textit{Deviant Behavior} 1986. 7 (1) p. . \bibitem[Fida et al. ()]{b24}\label{b24} ‘An Integrative Approach to Understanding Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Roles of Stressors, Negative Emotions, and Moral Disengagement’. R Fida , M Paciello , C Tramontano , R G Fontaine , C Barbaranelli , M L Farnese . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2209-5}{10.1007/s10551-014-2209-5}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2209-5} \textit{Journal of Business Ethics} 2015. 130 p. . \bibitem[Bernaud et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} J L Bernaud , P Desrumaux , D Guédon . \textit{Psychologie de la bientraitance professionnelle}, 2016. (Dunod) \bibitem[Bies and Tripp ()]{b10}\label{b10} ‘Beyond distrust : « Getting even » and the need for revenge’. R J Bies , T M Tripp . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452243610.n12/}{10.4135/9781452243610.n12/}. \url{https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243610.n12/} \textit{Trust in organizations : Frontiers of theory and resaerch}, R M Kraùer , T R Tyler (eds.) 1996. Sage Publication. p. . \bibitem[Kirkman and Rosen ()]{b36}\label{b36} ‘Beyond self-management : Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment’. B L Kirkman , B Rosen . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256874}{10.2307/256874}. \url{https://doi.org/10.2307/256874} \textit{Academy of Management Journal} 1999. 42 (1) p. . \bibitem[Biaga (2019)]{b7}\label{b7} \textit{Cameroun : 22000 fonctionnaires en situation irrégulière. Quotidien Emergence}, M Biaga . \url{https://www.journalducameroun.com} 2019. 19/08/2019. \bibitem[Christophe ()]{b15}\label{b15} V Christophe . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion/50970}{10.4000/books.septentrion/50970}. \url{https://doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion/50970} \textit{Les émotions : Tour d'horizon des principales théories. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion}, 1998. \bibitem[Nyock Ilouga et al. ()]{b43}\label{b43} ‘Do the meaning of working and coherence between a person and his work environment London Journal of Research in Management and Business express the same reality?’. S Nyock Ilouga , A C Moussa Mouloungui , C Arnoux-Nicolas , J L Bernaud . \textit{Psychology} 2018. 9 p. . \bibitem[Doron and Parot ()]{b20}\label{b20} R Doron , F Parot . \textit{Dictionnaire de psychologie. Presses Universitaires de Frances}, 2004. \bibitem[Kim et al. ()]{b35}\label{b35} ‘Effects of power imbalance and the presence of third parties on reaction to harm : Upward and downward revenge’. S H Kim , R H Smith , N L Brigham . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167298244002}{10.1177/0146167298244002}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982} \textit{Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin} 1998. 24 (4) p. . \bibitem[Pinder and Harlos ()]{b45}\label{b45} ‘Employee silence : quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice’. C C Pinder , K Harlos . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20007-3}{10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20007-3}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20007-3} \textit{Research in Personal and Human Ressources Management} 2001. 20 p. . \bibitem[Shermelleh-Engel et al. ()]{b51}\label{b51} ‘Evaluating the fit of structural equation models : tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures’. K Shermelleh-Engel , H Moosbrugger , H Muller . \textit{Methods of Psychology Researsh Online} 2003. 8 (2) p. . \bibitem[Fleury ()]{b26}\label{b26} C Fleury . \textit{Ci-gît l'amer: Guérir du ressentiment}, 2020. Gallimard. \bibitem[Fortin et al. ()]{b27}\label{b27} \textit{Fondements et etapes du processus de rcherche}, M F Fortin , J Coté , F Filion . 2006. Chenelière Education. \bibitem[Bies ()]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Interactional (in)justice: The sacred and the profane’. R J Bies . \textit{Advances in Organizational Justice}, J Greenberg , R Cropanzano (eds.) 2001. Stanford University Press. p. . \bibitem[Bies and Moag ()]{b9}\label{b9} ‘Interactional justice : Communication criteria of fairness’. R J Bies , J F Moag . \textit{Research on Negotiations in Organizations}, R J Lewicki , B H Sheppard , M H Bazerman (eds.) 1986. JAI Press. 1. \bibitem[Aquino et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘Justice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: a proposed model and empirical test’. K Aquino , M U Lewis , M Bradfield . \textit{Journal of Organizational Behavior} 1999. 20 p. . \bibitem[El Akremi ()]{b21}\label{b21} ‘La justice organisationnelle’. A El Akremi . \textit{Le comportement organisationnel}, A El Akremi , S Guerrero , J P Neveu (eds.) 2006. De Boeck. \bibitem[Dejours (ed.) ()]{b19}\label{b19} \textit{La psychopathologie du travail: facteurs de risque et modalités de prévention}, C Dejours . C. De Tychey (ed.) 2001. Paris: L'Harmattan. \bibitem[Nyock Ilouga and Moussa Mouloungui ()]{b42}\label{b42} ‘Le sens du travail dans un contexte entropique’. S Nyock Ilouga , A C Moussa Mouloungui . \url{https://doi.org/ijias.issr-journals.org/} \textit{International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies} 2019. 26 (1) p. . \bibitem[Davenport ()]{b18}\label{b18} ‘Leadership style and organizational commitment: The moderating effect of locus of control’. J Davenport . \textit{Proceedings of ASBBS} 2010. 17 p. . \bibitem[Greenberg ()]{b30}\label{b30} ‘Managing behavior in organization’. J Greenberg . \textit{Science in service to practice} 1996. Prentice Hall. 2. \bibitem[Bower ()]{b11}\label{b11} ‘Mood and memory’. G H Bower . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129}{10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129} \textit{American Psychologist} 1980. 36 (2) p. . \bibitem[Bandura ()]{b3}\label{b3} \textit{Moral disengagement : How people do harm and live with themselves}, A Bandura . 2016. Worth Publisher. \bibitem[Merton ()]{b40}\label{b40} ‘On sociological theories of the middle range’. R K Merton . \textit{Classical sociological theory}, C Calhoun (ed.) 1949. Blacknell Publishing. \bibitem[Alger and De Boeck ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘On the interpretation and use of mediation: multiple perspectives on mediation analysis’. R Alger , P De Boeck . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01984}{10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01984}. \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01984} \textit{Frontiers in Psychology} 2017. 1984. 8. \bibitem[Quinlan and Mayhew ()]{b46}\label{b46} ‘Precarious employment and workers' compensation’. M Quinlan , C Mayhew . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2527(99)00023-0}{10.1016/s0160-2527(99)00023-0}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2527} \textit{International Journal of Law and Psychiatric} 1999. 22 (5-6) p. . \bibitem[Erhart and Klein ()]{b22}\label{b22} ‘Predicting followers' preferences for charismatic London Journal of Research in Management and Business 30 Volume 23 | Issue 2 | Compilation 1.0 © 2023 London Journals Press Emotions Interact with Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behaviour leadership : the influence of follower values and personality’. M G Erhart , K J Klein . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00074-1}{10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00074-1}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/S104} \textit{The Leadership Quarterly} 2001. 12 (2) p. . \bibitem[Comission Nationale Anti-Corruption. ()]{b16}\label{b16} \textit{Rapport sur l'état de la lutte contre la corruption au Cameroun en}, Comission Nationale Anti-Corruption. . \url{http://www.conac.cm} 2020. 2020. \bibitem[Spector ()]{b53}\label{b53} ‘Relationship of organizational frustration with reported behavioral reactions of employees’. P E Spector . \textit{Journal of Applied Psychology} 1975. 60 p. . \bibitem[Berkowitz (ed.) ()]{b5}\label{b5} \textit{Roots of aggression: a re-examination of the frustration-aggression hypothesis}, L Berkowitz . L. Berkowitz (ed.) 1969. Atherton Press. (The frustrationaggression hypothesis revisited) \bibitem[Schumacker and Lomax ()]{b50}\label{b50} R E Schumacker , R G Lomax . \textit{A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling}, (nd Ed) 2004. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. \bibitem[Roy ()]{b39}\label{b39} \textit{Sentiment d'injustice et comportements contreproductifs au travail: déterminants cognitifs, contextuels et dispositionnels}, Le Roy , J . 2010. Université de Paris Ouest Nantère la Defense (Thèse de doctorat) \bibitem[Skinner ()]{b52}\label{b52} \textit{The behavior of organisms}, B F Skinner . 1938. Appleton Century Crofts. \bibitem[Lang ()]{b37}\label{b37} ‘The cognitive psychology of emotion : fear and anxiety’. P J Lang . \textit{Anxiety and the anxiety disorders}, A H Tuma , J D Maser (eds.) 1985. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. . \bibitem[Arnold et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} ‘The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for’. J A Arnold , S Arad , J A Rhoades , F Drasgow . \textit{Journal of Organizational Behavior} 2000. 21 (3) p. . \bibitem[Conger and Kanungo ()]{b17}\label{b17} ‘The empowerment process : integrating theory and practice’. J A Conger , R N Kanungo . \textit{Academy of Management Review} 1988. 13 (3) p. . \bibitem[Chen et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} ‘The exploration of internet marketing strategy by search engine optimization: A critical review and comparison’. Y C Chen , Y S Bih , S C Zih , H C Tsung . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.1417}{10.5897/AJBM10.1417}. \url{https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.1417} \textit{African Journal of Business Management} 2011. 5 (12) p. . \bibitem[Fox and Spector ()]{b29}\label{b29} ‘The many roles of control in a stressor-emotion theory of counterproductive work behavior’. S Fox , P E Spector . Research in occupational stress and well-being P L Perrewe , D C Ganster (eds.) 2006. 5 p. . (Publication series) \bibitem[Baron and Kenny ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations’. R M Baron , D A Kenny . \textit{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology} 1986. 51 p. . \bibitem[Rein et al. ()]{b47}\label{b47} ‘The physiological and psychological effects of compassion on anger’. G Rein , M Atkinson , R Mccraty . \textit{Journal of Advancement Medicine} 1995. 8 (2) p. . \bibitem[Kelley ()]{b34}\label{b34} \textit{The power of followership}, R Kelley . 1992. Doubleday. \bibitem[Buss ()]{b12}\label{b12} \textit{The psychology of aggression}, A H Buss . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11160-000}{10.1037/11160-000}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1037/11160-000} 1961. John Wiley \& Sons. \bibitem[Fineman ()]{b25}\label{b25} ‘The vulnerable subject : Anchoring aquality in the Human condition’. M A Fineman . \textit{Yale Journal of Law \& Feminism} 2008. 20 (1) p. . \bibitem[Pearce et al. ()]{b44}\label{b44} ‘Transactors, transformers and beyond : a multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership’. C L Pearce , Jr H P Sims , J F Cox , G Ball , K A Smith , L Trevino . \textit{Jounal of Management Development} 2003. 22 (4) p. . \bibitem[Van Katwyk et al. ()]{b33}\label{b33} ‘Using the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors’. P T Van Katwyk , S Fox , P E Spector , E K Kelloway . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.219}{10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.219}. \url{https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.219} \textit{Journal of Occupational Health Psychology} 2000. 5 (2) p. . \bibitem[Jauvin et al. ()]{b32}\label{b32} ‘Violence interpersonnelle en milieu de travail : une analyse du phénomène en milieu correctionnel quebecois’. N Jauvin , M Vezina , R Bourbonnais , J Dussault . \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/pistes.3077}{10.4000/pistes.3077}. \url{https://doi.Org/10.4000/pistes.3077} \textit{Perspectives Interdisciplinaires sur le travail et la santé} 1999. 8 (1) . \bibitem[Neuman and Baron ()]{b41}\label{b41} ‘Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets’. J H Neuman , R A Baron . \textit{Journal of Management} 1998. 24 p. . \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}