London Journal of Research In Science: Natural and Formal
London Journal of Research In Science: Natural and Formal London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal, is focused on publishing groundbreaking ideas on theoretical and experimental research in all the domains of science including physics, chemistry, and bio-tech. The journal has a dedicated team for reviewing articles of COVID-19 to make sure the research is valid and published first. It provides practical, theoretical, and managerial implications useful for further research development. As a flagship scholarly journal, It is a peer-reviewed, international, indexed journal. The journal publishes high-quality research papers that are double-blind refereed. Authors and readers include academic researchers and educators, as well as scientists. SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
Action and Entropy: Base Physical Quantities
Action, entropy, frequency, speed, electric charge are proposed as base physical quantities of a new system. Base quantities would be directly linked to fundamental constants of physics $h, k_B, \Delta \nu_{Cs}^{133}, c, e$. Each base quantity would be defined independently of the others.
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Quasi-Phase Matching Generation of the Anti-Stokes Component at Stimulated Raman Scattering
We propose an analytical method for calculating the parameters of quasi-phase matching generation of the anti-Stokes component at stimulated Raman scattering in layered media. We present the results of the analysis in CIA considering losses and changes in the phases of all interacting waves. We consider frequency conversion processes in a layered structure consisting of periods of a “lattice” of modulation of the nonlinear susceptibility. Moreover, the values of the complex amplitudes of the pump radiation and the scattering components at the output of each layer are the input values of the corresponding complex amplitudes for the next layer. We give analytical expressions for the intensity of the transformation into the anti-Stokes component. We analyze the factors that limit the efficiency of the frequency conversion process. We calculated the maximum conversion efficiency to the anti-Stokes component in compressed hydrogen for a three-layer structure.
Foliar Application of Gehna Super Bio-stimulant Enhances Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake in Maize ( Zea mays L.) under South Indian Agroclimatic Conditions
Bio-stimulants represent a rapidly growing category of agronomic inputs that improve crop performance under both optimal and sub-optimal growing conditions. In this study, we evaluated the agronomic efficacy and economic viability of Gehna Super, a commercial plant bio-stimulant, applied as a foliar spray at four concentrations (2, 2.5, 3, and 5 ml L⁻¹ water) on maize (Zea mays L.) during Kharif 2022 at the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), GKVK, Bangalore. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times was employed. Gehna Super significantly enhanced plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter accumulation, cob length, kernel number, kernel yield, and N–P–K uptake compared to untreated control. Foliar spray at 5 ml L⁻¹ (T5) recorded the highest kernel yield (8,369 kg ha⁻¹; +36.9% over control) and total dry matter at harvest (463.16 g plant⁻¹). However, application at 3 ml L⁻¹ (T4) delivered the most favorable cost–benefit ratio (1:3.42). No phytotoxic effects were observed at any dose. Results indicate that Gehna Super at 2.5–3 ml L⁻¹ represents the optimal dose for maximizing economic returns in maize production under Eastern Dry Zone conditions of Karnataka, India.
Execution, Interaction, and Memory: A Coordination-First Ontology for Physics
Modern physics successfully models dynamical evolution once a state description is given but lacks a minimal ontology explaining why irreversible temporal structure, classicality, and large-scale cosmological phenomena emerge at all. This monograph proposes a coordination-first framework in which reality is generated by three modal operations—Execution (E), Interaction (I), and Memory (M)—acting on a dynamically evolving coordination graph. The framework draws upon and extends insights from process philosophy, category theory, and network science, positioning the physics of coordination as a bridge between natural science and the humanities. Part I develops the core formalism: the EIM algebra, emergent geometry, coordination field equations, and cosmological consequences, together with empirical predictions. Part II extends the framework to resolve major paradoxes across physics, cosmology, mathematics, and philosophy—from the measurement problem and black hole information loss to Gödel’s incompleteness theorems and the hard problem of consciousness—while revealing unexpected structural connections between seemingly unrelated domains. Part III charts prospective applications and empirical frontiers, identifying near-term testable predictions in astrophysics, biological percolation, economic coordination, and quantum technology that leverage emerging 2026–2030 datasets and experimental capabilities. The monograph concludes by examining societal implications of coordination ontology for artificial intelligence ethics, climate governance, and the philosophy of collective action.
Hybrid Approach for Arsenic Remediation: Soil Washing Coupled with Hematite Nanoparticles in Cu-As-Au Mining Waste
Copper–gold mining in the eastern Alps, Austria, has produced sulfide-rich tailings that continue to release arsenic (As) into the environment. This study examined the effectiveness of removing arsenic from mining waste using various chemical extractants, nanoparticle (NP) dosages, and different sample grain sizes. The goals are to extract arsenic and produce a concentrate for recovering valuable metals, such as copper and gold, through metallurgical processes. This paper presents an integrated experimental framework designed to simulate realistic remediation scenarios using hematite nanoparticles (HMNPs). Multiple extractants—ultrapure water (UPW), nitric acid (HNO₃), monosodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)—were used to explore arsenic mobilization under different chemical stress conditions. Among the tested extractants, 0.1 M HNO₃ showed the highest arsenic removal efficiency, significantly outperforming UPW, 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄, and 3% H₂O₂. The addition of NPs improved overall arsenic removal; however, the efficiency did not increase proportionally with higher NP concentrations. A concentration of 0.05 HNPs g/L resulted in slightly higher arsenic removal rates compared to 2.5 HNPs g/L and 5 HNPs g/L, likely due to particle aggregation at higher concentrations, which reduced the available reactive surface area. The texture of the mining waste also influenced removal efficiency. Finer particles promoted greater arsenic release under the H₂O₂ + HNP treatment, whereas coarser particles showed better responses to UPW and NaH₂PO₄. In contrast, HNO₃ consistently delivered high removal efficiencies across all particle sizes by directly dissolving the mineral compositions. The distinct oxyanion behavior of As underscores the necessity for strong extractants or NP-assisted approaches, as conventional methods optimized for cationic metals are less effective. Overall, HNO₃ proved to be the most effective single extractant, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 87.6% for As, 63.8% for Zn, 90.7% for Pb, and 85.97% for Cu. Post-treatment filtrates were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) to quantify As removal.
Ms. Shabnam Approach for Arsenic Remediation: Soil Washing Coupled with Hematite Nanoparticles in Jameshourani
On the Geometrical Structure of Natural Numbers
This work studies the natural powers of prime numbers as the building blocks of a Euclidian vector semispace. Some vectors generate the composite natural numbers by defining an appropriate geometrical norm. One also studies the structure of extended Mersenne numbers within this geometric point of view. Further geometric applications and extensions of the powers of natural numbers are also studied with the help of inward vector operations. Two research lines follow the first discussion on the geometrical aspects of natural numbers: the extension of the Fermat theorem and the Euler- Riemann function.
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Asymptotic Normality of the Encompassing Test Associated to the linear Parametric Modelling and the Kernel Method for α-Mixing Processes
This paper contributes on model selection between parametric and nonparametric methods through the use of encompassing test. We provide asymptotic normality of encompassing statistic associated to the encompassing hypothesis for parametric and nonparametric regres- sion methods. We develop various results on this test for more general processes satisfying several dependence structures.
The mΘ structure introduce pure and applied mathemat- ics using the set FpZ = Fp ∪ {xpZ | e(x ≡ 0(mod(p)))}, p prime, to then present mathematical structures resulting from the sets originally introduced F. Ayissi Eteme [6]. This work consists in defining on FpZ the notion of Ham- ming code according to mΘ set structure. We show a relation between mΘ protocol F5 and Hamming mΘ code. By using this relation, we get a new steganography based on the bit modalities of a code word.
For the sake of posterity and human interest, I thought I’d record my recollections of how I came to develop Astrotheology Theory. Astrotheology I, of course, the latest correct version of how the universe came to be and is sustained. It gives us the Structure of the Universe (an ellipsoid) and the Superforce. It gives us the Teflon Ether and a useful formula for energy, time, mass, and space. Also, we see how the human mind is calibrated to pick up on the signal that is the known universe.
In this brief paper, we show the calculations that confirm that Astrotheology is the correct and most advanced and ancient physics theory ever assembled.
Solution to Four Mathematical Physics Problems
This paper addresses four of the “toughest” problems in mathematical physics. We use our knowledge of AT Math which should be well know to you by now. I began my research in January of 2016 when I questioned whether pi and base e terminate. Of course, they do or we wouldn’t have a physical universe. Really, my research began when I was in grade 6 contemplating tangents to circles and how God broke out of the never-ending cycle. We end with this paper today that contemplates the circle in another form, that of Pi. Good bye, good luck and bon chance!
Separatrix separation; exponents and dimensions; impossibility theorems
Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Hemodialysis Patients Seen in Some Hemodialysis Centers in Lomé
Chronic renal failure (CKD) is kidney damage defined by a permanent decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) characterized by biological signs present for more than three months. Protein-energy malnutrition (PED) in hemodialysis is also a factor of morbidity and mortality in patients with a prevalence ranging from 15 to 75% worldwide. However, the care of hemodialysis patients often does not include nutritional care. This study aims to contribute to the promotion of the health of patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, by evaluating their nutritional status and identifying the incriminating diets in the deterioration of their health. This is a cross-sectional, prospective and multicenter study, both descriptive and analytical over a period from May 05 to August 05, 2023. It focused on patients with chronic renal failure (CKD) treated with hemodialysis in the clinics “Unidial”, “Martin Luther King” and the CMS “Maison du Hadj”. Nutritional status was assessed using ISRNM 2008 criteria. Mantel Haenszel's Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was used to compare proportions, relative risk (RR) to look for associations between variables, and Pearson's coefficient for correlations. It was included 32 patients whose average age was 53.13 ± 14.37 years. The prevalence of protein- energy malnutrition varied from 53.13 to 65.63% depending on the indicator used. A correlation between various malnutrition indicators was found with two risk factors. First, insufficient protein intake: serum albumin was correlated with arm circumference (r = 0.93; p = 0.0001). Second, insufficient energy intake with a BMI strongly correlated with arm circumference (r = 0.96; p = 0.0000). Obesity was present in 6.25% of cases. Abdominal obesity was 43.75% in women and 25% in men. Protein-energy malnutrition is therefore a frequent problem in hemodialysis. It is therefore necessary to improve the hemodialysis program with the integration of adequate and effective nutritional support through lifestyle and dietary interventions in chronic hemodialysis patients.
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The 50-Year CO₂ Balance: Crucial Roles of Agriculture, Forestry and the Ocean
CO₂ exchanges between continents, oceans and atmosphere are analyzed over the last 50 years, correcting for the importance of agriculture and forestry. Global crops capture and store an average of 40.4 GtCO₂/year, a flow greater than fossil emissions, both following population growth. The mineralization of agricultural and forestry biomasses releases 12.3 GtCO₂/year, leading to a stable continental balance of about 7.2 GtCO₂/year emitted. Contrary to previous studies, this one shows that the ocean has become an increasingly strong source of CO₂, from the neutrality of the 1970s to reaching an average of 10.4 GtCO₂/year over the last decade. Over the half-century, the ocean has contributed 55% to the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, with the remainder coming from the continents. These results challenge common assessments that underestimate the role of crop plants as CO₂ sinks and, as therefore, wrongly attribute to the ocean a role in absorbing anthropogenic emissions.
A Review on the Application of Improved Fish Handling and Smoking: Safe Quality and Potential Business Venture for Developing Countries
Fish products play an important role in improving human nutrition and economic growth. 5 However, many communities and poor rural households relying on fish to meet their end needs are still constrained by post-harvest losses of fish and fish products in the value chain due to spoilage, expensive processing technologies and inability to start a fish business venture. To address such concerns or losses, this study provided a comprehensive review on acceptable practices to address potential hitches threatening safety of fish and fish products, specific factors influencing the smoking process and the reward for adopting improved techniques as well as eight stimuli for safe food processing and production in developing countries. It was emphasized hat good hygiene, improved handling and smoking are critical drivers that reward improved quality of ish products and better earnings to the local communities. Selection of fuel and smoking kiln, 4 addition of salt and other factors affecting the smoking process also play an important role in 15 extending the shelf life of the products and lure consumers?? preferences. Additionally, eight stimuli 16 have been identified as incentives to boost safe fish processing and production. The stimuli and 17 other recommended approaches reviewed in this study target a lucrative endeavor to improve 18 livelihood and earnings for the local people and attract international consumers to boost national 19 economy as well. The outcome can lead to diversification of income generating opportunities, 20 rather than relying on non-food producing sectors, that may surmount food insecurity and poverty 21 in rural or remote areas in developing countries. Further studies should be conducted on the 22 economic performance, consumption pattern as well as quantitative & qualitative assessment of the nutritional contents and microbial profile of fresh and smoked fish products in South Sudan and other developing countries to unmask the improved aspect discussed.
improved fish handling; perishable products; fish smoking; food safety; food security; 26 production incentives; business venture; South Sudan; developing countries.
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Rheological Evidence for a Probable Rarefied Crust and Fracture Characterization under Northern Harrat Rahat, Sw Saudi Arabia – Its Significance for Geothermal Prospects
We analysed the geothermal potential in the Northern Harrat Rahat (NHR), SW Saudi Arabia, where, a ‘Low-Gravity-Zone’ (LGZ) follows the eastern vent axis and also corresponds to a Low Resistive Zone (LRZ) at 10 to 15 km depth. Anomalous crustal rheological parameters (Vp, Vp/Vs, Density, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus and Acoustic-Impedance) are noticed on 2.5 km depth-slices underlying the LRZ which are based on receiver-function results from 13 seismic stations distributed within an area of 120 x 128 km 2 . Based on these, we inspect crustal rheology under an ENE-WSW traverse taken across the LGZ that unravels finer details of a Low Velocity Zone (LVZ), a Low Density Zone (LDZ), and Low Poisson ratio (σ) and Young’s modulus (E) zones in the depth direction over a lateral extent of 120 km at depths between 5 and 17.5 km. Further down, (i) the lower extent of LVZ and LDZ dips eastward from 17.5 to 25 km, suggesting a rarefied crust underneath, and (ii) both Vp and density depth sections illustrate appreciable gradient as they increase from east and west towards the central area beneath the REF seismic stations RH01 and RH14. The LVZ, LDZ and Low Poisson Ratio (σ) and Young’s Modulus (E) zones under NHR probably owe its origin to a raised geotherm in fractured crust that alters the crustal rheology and showing correspondence to vent axes. Compartmentalization of geophysical properties by orthogonal fractures/faults is used to propose a probable geologic model of heat transfer in the NHR.
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Influence of Bacau City’s Antropic Activities on the Heavy Metals Concentration Measured on Bistrita and Siret River Sides
The main objective of the current research is to determine the content of heavy metals from the Bistrita and Siret River banks, respectively Siret River – in Bridge Holt area, Siret River – canal UHE and Siret River- downstream confluence Bistrita/Siret. The choice of sampling points took into consideration the areas where the pollution sources are located. Established maximum values were not exceeded in the case of mercury in the soil for all three sampling points Siret River – in Bridge Holt area, Siret River – canal UHE and Siret River- downstream confluence Bistrita/Siret. Exceeding values recorded in the sampling points Siret River – in Bridge Holt area, Siret River – canal UHE and Siret River- downstream confluence Bistrita/Siret (for cadmium, nickel and chrome) resulted from discharged residual waters, industrial platforms form Bacau city and the improper storage of municipal waste.
How the Universe works Part 4. Philosophical basis of the of Space and Their Mathematical Interpretation
Space is a material structure, a container of material objects densely enveloped in energy. The main function of space is to ensure the vitality of the Universe in the process of interaction of objects of matter on the basis of intellectual and informational support of its basis – objective reality. The task of the latter is ensuring the failure-free execution of all processes of interaction, what is the basis of the vitality of the space of the Universe as a whole. The existence and development of subjective reality on the basis of biological life on our planet is based precisely on the vitality of objective reality and the intellectual and informational properties of space. Subjective reality is the consciousness of the life process, which is created as a result of the total process of life as a whole throughout the entire period of its existence. The body in which the process of life of a certain individual takes place is a material shell of the primary vitality based on the vitality of objective reality. The main function of subjective reality of biological life is to create a product that goes beyond the capabilities of objective reality. First of all, this is the process of functioning of renewable bioenergetics based on biological synthesis, and the creation of specific technological capabilities for influencing and controlling processes in objective reality. Nature itself, possessing all the prerequisites, cannot change itself, since it is not able to create the necessary conditions for this. Nature is able to provide all the processes of creating and ensuring jet motion, but it is not able to create a jet engine. Due to this, the activity of subjective reality has radically changed the natural conditions on earth. The vital capacity of space, possessing an extremely high level of intelligence, is provided by the intellectual and informational capacity of objective reality, which is the basis of the subjective reality of the Universe. Extremely important in this context is the mathematical interpretation of energy transfer processes in space, which are mathematically described by a mathematical sequence with the performance of work. The method of mathematical analysis, which significantly expands the possibilities of mathematical interpretation of energy transfer processes, provides the opportunityof creatingan universal formula for interaction in space.
From Infinity (Wuji 无极) to Taiji (太极)，Yin-Yang（阴阳）to Heaven-Earth（Qiankun乾坤): A Yin–Yang (阴阳) Philosophical Exploration of Existence and Cosmic Origins
Space (Yin-Yang Infinity阴阳无极), the universe (Yin-Yang Taiji阴阳太极), all things in the world, humanity, and existence (Yin-Yang Heaven-Earth阴阳乾坤) are objective realities independent of human subjective consciousness. The universe created matter and humanity; humans are a form of matter. Humans created languages, scripts, numbers, mathematics, coordinate systems, and science, along with philosophy and religion, thereby forming the human system of knowledge and information. The correctness of human-created knowledge and information must be verified through scientific reproducibility and probability. Humans created knowledge and information to explore cosmic truth for survival and existence. However, human-made existence never equates to ultimate truth but perpetually approaches it. Material philosophy and material science allowed humans to understand human society and the three-dimensional material world. Quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity opened the doors to energy philosophy and information philosophy, ushering humanity into cosmic origin philosophy. This complemented human knowledge and information, further expanding the pathways for humanity’s contemplation of cosmic truths.