Can Comparing Traditional and Green Infrastructure Promote Cosystems Restoration? Case study of three Restoration Assessments in Cameroon
Keywords:
bivariate survival functions, , dependence functions, biomedical applications, econometrics, bivariate Wiener and Pareto stochastic processes construction, dark energy., PLANCK time, age of the universe, Cameroon, inclusiveness, Green infrastructure, ecosystem restorationAbstract
Much of Africa’s forest ecosystems heritage can be found in Cameroon. The country has since ratified numerous Conventions and enacted laws to protect and valorize these connecting ecosystems benefiting local people and global climate. These forest and non-forest ecosystems constitute Cameroon’s green infrastructure today. However, due to anthropogenic and natural processes, these ecosystems face degradation, thereby weakening their superstructure, diminishing their services value; threatening livelihoods, and contributing to climate change.
We draw in this paper, parallels between green infrastructure and traditional (hard) infrastructure, in a bid to attract to ecosystems restoration, a comparable maintenance mindset, historically reserved for hard infrastructure. We use the prisms of three ecosystems assessments for restoration, as case studies. These are; (i) the northern savannah, (ii) Sanaga-Kadey watershed and (iii) the forest transition zones of Cameroon. By analyzing some common parameters across these ecosystems, including (i) land tenure, (ii) multifunctionality, (iii) climate resilience, (iv) critical resource use efficiency, (v) carbon neutrality, (vi) connectivity, (vii) stakeholder engagement, (viii) social inclusivity and (ix) maintenance-friendliness, we simultaneously make a case for adopting analogous maintenance mindsets towards securing and re-building Cameroon’s threatened green infrastructure.
References
S. K. Chaudhary, G. McGregor, D. Houston, E. O'Neill, J. Colvin, C. Gough, K. Anderson, P. F. Quinn (2020) Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. 15(10), 104003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abac77
T. W. P. Van der Werf, T. D. Evans, R. Kohsaka, U. Pascual (2020) Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being in a Changing World. 3(5), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0521-1
J. M. Bullock, J. Aronson, A. C. Newton, R. F. Pywell, J. M. Rey Benayas, T. Newbold (2020) Natural Infrastructure for Urban Areas: A Review of the State of the Art. 265, 110850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110850
IUCN, WRI (2014) A guide to the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM): Assessing Forest landscape restoration opportunities at the national or sub-national level. 125p.
The World Bank (2024) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cameroon/overview
Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune (MINFOF) (2018) Annuaire Statistique 2018 du MINFOF.
WWF (2022) Opportunities for restoring degraded landscapes on the peripheries and Trans-Humance areas of the Faro and Benoue TOUs, North Cameroon. 54 p.
WWF (2023) Opportunities for Restoring Degraded Ecosystems Services in the Sanaga and Kadey Watersheds, East Cameroon. 74 p..
R. R. B. Leakey, A. M-L. Tientcheu, N. P. Awazi, A. E. Assogbadjo, T. Mabhaudhi, P. S. Hendre, A. Degrande, S. Hlahla, L. Manda (2022) The Future of Food: Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Food Crops in Africa over the Third Decade (2012–2021). 14((4)), 2355.
MINEPDED (2015) Rapport d'études (Cabinet Atlantis Group sarl) : Réalisation de l'état des lieux des données de la dégradation des terres en vue de la délimitation des espaces de reboisement.
P. Mbile, L. Elomo (2024) Managing the agroforestry – landscape restoration nexus: lessons from indigenous tree domestication in Cameroon. 33((3)), 285 – 298.
B J Cardinale, J E Duffy, A Gonzalez, D U Hooper, C Perrings, P Venail, A Narwani, G M Mace, D Tilman, D A Wardle, A P Kinzig, G C Daily, M Loreau, J B Grace, A Larigauderie, D S Srivastava, S Naeem (2019) Biodiversity loss and ecosystem function: A meta-analysis.
L Gamfeldt, J S Lefcheck, J E Byrnes, B J Cardinale, J E Duffy, J N Griffin (2020) Biodiversity increases ecosystem resilience to climate change.
M I O'Connor, A Gonzalez, J E Byrnes, B J Cardinale, J E Duffy, L Gamfeldt, J N Griffin (2019) Biodiversity loss and the resilience of ecosystems. 50, 347-364.
S Konsala, J B W Taffo, R N Douanla, M L A Tientcheu, E M Tchinda (2022) Plant diversity and ecological characteristics along an altitudinal gradient in Mount Maroua, Far North Cameroon. 15, 5-14.
A K Bansal, P R Choudhury, M G Gogate (2011)
M F Quigley, D McKenzie, M W Ritchie (2019) Assessing the role of vegetation succession in forest restoration. 433, 108-120.
C L Lippincott, J E Freeman, M L Miller, D M Richardson (2020) Vegetation succession and restoration ecology.
X Li, Y Zhou, J Wang (2019) Using vegetation succession to restore degraded lands. 248, 110954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110954
(2018) Stratégie Nationale de Développement des chaînes de valeurs de la filière Anacarde au Cameroun 2019 – 2023.
(2018) Global warming of 1.5^{°} C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5^{°} C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. https://www.ipcc.ch
K Spokas, W C Koskinen, J M Baker, D C Reicosky (2019) Biochar and soil carbon sequestration: A review. 285, 106792.
Y. Xie, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Chen (2020) Biochar application increases soil carbon storage and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. 84(2), 341-353.
D. Wang, S. J. Fonte, S. J. Parikh, J. Six, K. M. Scow (2018) Biochar-induced changes to soil structure and carbon sequestration. 123, 151-161.
J. M. Novak, W. J. Busscher, D. W. Watts, J. E. Amonette, J. A. Ippolito, I. M. Lima, H. Schomberg (2019) The role of biochar in sustainable agriculture: A review. 285, 106789.
(1999)
M. De Ridder, V. Trouet, J. Van den Bulcke, W. Hubau, J. Van Acker, H. Beeckman (2013) A tree-ring based comparison of Terminalia superba climate-growth relationships in West and Central Africa. 1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0871-3
J. R. Makana (2010) Canopy (Aerial) Carbon Stocks Measurement in Congo Basin Forest / Estimation des stocks de carbone aérien dans les forêts du Bassin du Congo: Cas des parcelles permanentes de l'Ituri et de la Salonga en RDC.
L. Zapfack, V. N. Noumi, D. P. Kwouossu, L. Zemagho, F. T. Nembot (2013) Deforestation and carbon stocks in the surroundings of Lobéké National Park (Cameroon) in the Congo Basin. 3(2), 78.
J. Gockowski, D. Sonwa (2011) Cocoa intensification scenarios and their predicted impact on CO2 emissions, biodiversity conservation, and rural livelihoods in the Guinea rain forest of West Africa. 48(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3
Yemefack, Alemagi (2013) REALU feasibility study document for emission reduction for the Efoulan council. South Region, Cameroon. 83p.
S. Altikat, et al. (2024) Effects of Pyrolysis Conditions on Biochar Yield and Properties.
B. Hu, W. Wei (2023) Biochar Applications in Energy and Carbon Sequestration.
Marie Boas (1949) Hero's Pneumatica: A Study of Its Transmission and Influence. 40(1), 38.
M Fierz (1983) Girolamo Cardano, 1501-1576: physician, natural philosopher, mathematician, astrologer, and interpreter of dreams.
M Fierz (1977) Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576): Arzt, Naturphilosoph, Mathematiker, Astronom und Traumdeuter.
Leonard Euler (1748) Introduction in Analysis Infinitorum [Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite]. 1, 104.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
