Advances in Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes: Emerging Strategies and Applications in Anticancer Therapy
Keywords:
speciation, Biodiversity, Principle of Minimum Energy Expenditure, Open Systems, Dissipative Structures, Trophic Chain, ecological niches, evolutionary optimization, energy efficiency in biology, reduction of entropy., Space and universe, existence and humanity, knowledge and information, subjective consciousness, objective reality., LAB, Bacteriocins, Temperature stability, pH stability, Salt tolerance, abundance, diversity, Arthropods, natural, organic, inorganic, farming system, organometallic Ir(III) complexes, cyclometalated C^N and N^N ancillary ligand, antitumor agents.Abstract
Recently, the of organometallic iridium(III) complexes have attracted substantial interests in developing new metal-based antineoplastic drugs and this area of research has been intensively explored. Their various mechanisms of antitumor action are distinct from those of classical metal complexes, approved for clinical application. Different from the anticancer drugs of platinum-group metals, the described iridium(III) complexes principally act by damaging different intracellular organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes etc.), although the results are sporadic and no secure structure-activity relationship studies have been reported. On the other hand, organometallic Ir(III)-based complexes can overcome some of the limitations of Pt-based chemotherapy agents. Although they have only recently received significant consideration, Ir(III) complexes display an assortment of properties that make them exciting as prospective antineoplastic agents. Their chemical reactivity and binding preferences mainly depend on their coordination geometry ligands used. The structures of the metal-based antitumor agents, which consist of metal centers, biologically active auxiliary ligands, and their spatial arrangement, determine their biological profiles and cellular uptake. Amongst the various Ir(III) complexes studied for pharmacological activity, cyclometalated iridium complexes are mostly interesting because of their favorable photochemical and photophysical properties, including high stability under physiological conditions, luminescent properties, high emission quantum yields, long lifetime, large Stokes shifts, spectra ranging from VIS to NIR and affinity to participate in redox processes. That is why, these recognized series of highly luminescent organometallic complexes have been extensively studied for their different photophysical applications, especially as promising photosensitizers or phosphorescent agents in biosensing and biological imaging. A typical organometallic anticancer Ir(III) complex consists of an iridium(III) center bound to two cyclometalated C^N ligands and one N^N ancillary ligand. The modification of the cyclometalated ligands plays a dominant role in controlling the photophysical properties, whereas the alteration of the ancillary ligand allows functionalization with targets for imaging or therapy. Iridium complexes have been developed in order to find out their potential improved properties and better enhancement of the known therapies used.
References
L. Todorov, I. Kostova (2023) Recent Trends in the Development of Novel Metal-Based Antineoplastic Drugs. 28(4), 1959.
I. Kostova (2024) Rational Design and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules. 25(18), 9927.
I. Kostova (2024) Survey of Main Group Metals and Metalloids in Cancer Treatment. 12, 29.
I. Kostova (2024) Rational Design of Metal-Based Pharmacologically Active Compounds. 12, 335.
I. Kostova (2006) Ruthenium Complexes as Anticancer Agents. 13(9), 1085-1107.
E.Z. Jahromi, A. Divsalar, A.A. Saboury, S. Khaleghizadeh, H. Mansouri-Torshizi, I. Kostova (2016) Palladium complexes: new candidates for anti-cancer drugs. 13(5), 967-989.
I. Kostova (2006) Platinum Complexes as Anticancer Agents. 1(1), 1-22.
M. Shahlaei, S. M. Asl, A. Derakhshani, L. Kurek, J. Karges, R. Macgregor, I. Kostova, A.A. Saboury (2024) Platinum-Based Drugs in Cancer Treatment: Expanding Horizons and Overcoming Resistance. 1301, 137366.
I. Kostova (2023) Biological and Medical Significance of Chemical Elements.
D. L. Ma, C. Wu, K. J. Wu, C. H. Leung (2019) Iridium (III) complexes targeting apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. 24(15), 2739.
J. J. Cao, Y. Zheng, X. W. Wu, C. P. Tan, M. H. Chen, N. Wu, Z. W. Mao (2019) Anticancer cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with planar ligands: mitochondrial DNA damage and metabolism disturbance. 62, 3311-3322.
I. Kostova (2025) Cytotoxic Organometallic Iridium(III) Complexes. 30, 801.
C. P. Tan, Y. M. Zhong, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2021) Phosphorescent metal complexes as theranostic anticancer agents: combining imaging and therapy in a single molecule. 12(7), 2357-2367.
P. Szymaszek, M. Tyszka-Czochara, J. Ortyl (2024) Iridium (III) complexes as novel theranostic small molecules for medical diagnostics, precise imaging at a single cell level and targeted anticancer therapy. 116648.
Z. Liu, L. Salassa, A. Habtemariam, A. M. Pizarro, G. J. Clarkson, P. J. Sadler (2011) Contrasting reactivity and cancer cell cytotoxicity of isoelectronic organometallic iridium(III) complexes. 50, 5777-5783.
M. Dörr, E. Meggers (2014) Metal complexes as structural templates for targeting proteins. 19, 76-81.
K.K.W. Lo (2015) Luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes as biological probes, imaging reagents, and photocytotoxic agents. 48, 2985-2995.
J. Ruiz, V. Rodríguez, N. Cutillas, K. G. Samper, M. Capdevila, O. Palacios, A. Espinosa (2012) Novel C,N-chelate rhodium(III) and iridium(III) antitumor complexes incorporating a lipophilic steroidal conjugate and their interaction with DNA. 41, 12847-12856.
T.Y. Li, J. Wu, Z.G. Wu, Y.X. Zheng, J.L. Zuo, Y. Pan (2018) Rational Design of Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes for Emission Color Tunability and Their Applications in OLEDs. 374, 55-92.
Z. Liu, J.J. Li, X.X. Ge, S. Zhang, Z. Xu, W. Gao (2019) Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Phosphorescent Ir(III)Complexes with Anticancer Activity. 197, 110703.
T. F. Anjong, G. Kim, H. Y. Jang, J. Yoon, J. Kim (2017) Diiridium (iii) complexes: luminescent probes and sensors for G-quadruplex DNA and endoplasmic reticulum imaging. 41(1), 377-386.
K.K.S. Tso, K.K.W. Lo (2017) Strategic applications of luminescent iridium (III) complexes as biomolecular probes, cellular imaging reagents, and photodynamic therapeutics. 415-477.
A. Baschieri, S. Muzzioli, V. Fiorini, E. Matteucci, M. Massi, L. Sambri, S. Stagni (2014) Introducing a new family of biotinylated Ir (III)-pyridyltriazole lumophores: Synthesis, photophysics, and preliminary study of avidin-binding properties. 33(21), 6154-6164.
A. Zamora, G. Vigueras, V. Rodríguez, M. D. Santana, J. Ruiz (2018) Cyclometalated iridium (III) luminescent complexes in therapy and phototherapy. 360, 34-76.
W. W. Qin, Z. Y. Pan, D. H. Cai, Y. Li, L. He (2020) Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes for mitochondria-targeted combined chemo-photodynamic therapy. 49, 3562-3569.
X. Liu, H. Hao, X. Ge, X. He, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, Z. Liu (2019) Triphenylamine- appended cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: preparation, photophysical properties and application in biology/luminescence imaging. 199, 110757.
H. Xiang, H. Chen, H. P. Tham, S. Z. F. Phua, J. G. Liu, Y. Zhao (2017) Cyclometalated iridium(III)-complex-based micelles for glutathione-responsive targeted chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. 9, 27553-27562.
S. Meksawangwong, B. Gohil, W. Punyain, R. Pal, F. Kielar (2019) Synthesis and investigation of a tris-cyclometalated iridium complex bearing a single quaternary ammonium group. 497, 119066.
X. D. Song, B. B. Chen, S. F. He, N. L. Pan, J. X. Liao, J. X. Chen, J. Sun (2019) Guanidine-modified cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes for mitochondria-targeted imaging and photodynamic therapy. 179, 26-37.
R. R. Ye, C. P. Tan, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2016) Coumarin-appeared phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as mitochondria-targeted theranostic anticancer agents. 45, 13042-13051.
Y. Hisamatsu, N. Suzuki, A. A. Masum, A. Shibuya, R. Abe, A. Sato, S. Aoki (2016) Cationic amphiphilic tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes induce cancer cell death via interaction with Ca2+-calmodulin complex. 28, 507-523.
R. R. Ye, J. J. Cao, C. P. Tan, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2017) Valproic acid-functionalized cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as mitochondria-targeting anticancer agents. 23, 15166-15176.
P. Steunenberg, A. Ruggi, N. S. van den Berg, T. Buckle, J. Kuil, F. W. van Leeuwen, A. H. Velders (2012) Phosphorescence imaging of living cells with amino acid-functionalized tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium (III) complexes. 51, 2105.
C. R. Berkers, F. W. van Leeuwen, T. A. Groothuis, V. Peperzak, E. W. van Tilburg, J. Borst, H. Ovaa (2007) Profiling proteasome activity in tissue with fluorescent probes. 4(5), 739-748.
S. Moromizato, Y. Hisamatsu, T. Suzuki, Y. Matsuo, R. Abe, S. Aoki (2012) Design and synthesis of a luminescent cyclometalated iridium (III) complex having N, N-diethylamino group that stains acidic intracellular organelles and induces cell death by photoirradiation. 51(23), 12697-12706.
A. Nakagawa, Y. Hisamatsu, S. Moromizato, M. Kohno, S. Aoki (2014) Synthesis and photochemical properties of pH responsive tris-cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes that contain a pyridine ring on the 2-phenylpyridine ligand. 53(1), 409-422.
K. Qiu, H. Huang, B. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Huang, Y. Chen, H. Chao (2016) Long-term lysosomes tracking with a water-soluble two-photon phosphorescent iridium (III) complex. 8(20), 12702-12710.
W. Lv, Z. Zhang, K. Y. Zhang, H. Yang, S. Liu, A. Xu, W. Huang (2016) A mitochondria-targeted photosensitizer showing improved photodynamic therapy effects under hypoxia. 55, 9947-9951.
M. H. Chen, F. X. Wang, J. J. Cao, C. P. Tan, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2017) Light-Up mitophagy in live cells with dual-functional theranostic phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes. 9, 13304-13314.
J. Liu, C. Jin, B. Yuan, X. Liu, Y. Chen, L. Ji, H. Chao (2017) Selectively lighting up two photon photodynamic activity in mitochondria with AIE-active iridium(III) complexes. 53, 2052-2055.
C. Jin, J. Liu, Y. Chen, R. Guan, C. Ouyang, Y. Zhu, H. Chao (2016) Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as AIE phosphorescent probes for real-time monitoring of mitophagy in living cells. 6, 22039.
L. He, C. P. Tan, R. R. Ye, Y. Z. Zhao, Y. H. Liu, Q. Zhao, Z. W. Mao (2014) Theranostic iridium(III) complexes as one- and two-photon phosphorescent trackers to monitor autophagic lysosomes. 53, 12137-12141.
L. He, Y. Li, C. P. Tan, R. R. Ye, M. H. Chen, J. J. Cao, Z. W. Mao (2015) Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as lysosome-targeted photodynamic anticancer and real-time tracking agents. 6, 5409-5418.
F. X. Wang, M. H. Chen, Y. N. Lin, H. Zhang, C. P. Tan, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2017) Dual functions of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: anti-metastasis and lysosome-damaged photodynamic therapy. 9, 42471-42481.
R. Cao, J. Jia, M. Ma, M. Zhou, H. Fei (2013) Membrane localized iridium(III) complex induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells. 56, 3636-3644.
S. Mandal, D. K. Poria, R. Ghosh, P. S. Ray, P. Gupta (2014) Development of a cyclometalated iridium complex with specific intramolecular hydrogen-bonding that acts as a fluorescent marker for the endoplasmic reticulum and causes photoinduced cell death. 43, 17463-17474.
X. Tian, Y. Zhu, M. Zhang, L. Luo, W. Wu, H. Zhou, Y. Tian (2017) Localization matters: a nuclear targeting two-photon absorption iridium complex in photodynamic therapy. 53, 3303-3306.
C. Li, M. Yu, S. Sun, Y. Wu, C. Huang, F. Li (2011) A nonemissive iridium(III) complex that specifically lights-up the nuclei of living cells. 133, 11231-11239.
N. Wu, J. J. Cao, X. W. Wu, C. P. Tan, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2017) Iridium(iii) complexes with fivemembered heterocyclic ligands for combined photodynamic therapy and photoactivated chemotherapy. 46, 13482-13491.
J. J. Cao, C. P. Tan, M. H. Chen, N. Wu, D. Y. Yao, X. G. Liu, Z. W. Mao (2017) Targeting cancer cell metabolism with mitochondria-immobilized phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. 8, 631-640.
W. Y. Zhang, F. Du, M. He, L. Bai, Y. Y. Gu, L. L. Yang, Y. J. Liu (2019) Studies of anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes-loaded liposomes as drug delivery system. 178, 390-400.
V. Venkatesh, R. Berrocal-Martin, C. J. Wedge, I. Romero-Canelón, C. Sanchez-Cano, J. I. Song, P. J. Sadler (2017) Mitochondria-targeted spin-labelled luminescent iridium anticancer complexes. 8, 8271-8278.
L. He, M. F. Zhang, Z. Y. Pan, K. N. Wang, Z. J. Zhao, Y. Li, Z. W. Mao (2019) A mitochondria-targeted iridium(III)-based photoacid generator induces dualmode photodynamic damage within cancer cells. 55(70), 10472-10475.
L. K. McKenzie, I. V. Sazanovich, E. Baggaley, M. Bonneau, V. Guerchais, J. G. Williams, H. E. Bryant (2017) Metal complexes for two-photon photodynamic therapy: A cyclometalated iridium complex induces twophoton photosensitization of cancer cells under near-IR light. 23(2), 234-238.
L. Murphy, A. Congreve, L. O. Pålsson, J. G. Williams (2010) The time domain in co-stained cell imaging: time-resolved emission imaging microscopy using a protonatable luminescent iridium complex. 46, 8743-8745.
M. M. Wang, X. L. Xue, X. X. Sheng, Y. Su, Y. Q. Kong, Y. Qian, H. K. Liu (2020) Unveiling the anti-cancer mechanism for half-sandwich and cyclometalated Ir(iii)-based complexes with functionalized alpha-lipoic acid. 10, 5392-5398.
M. I. Acuña, N. Busto, I. Echevarría, M. Martínez-Alonso, G. Espino, F. Dominguez (2018) Thiabendazole-based Rh(III) and Ir(III) biscyclometalated complexes with mitochondria-targeted anticancer activity and metal-sensitive photodynamic activity. 157, 279-293.
S. J. Thomas, B. Balónová, J. Cinatl Jr, M. N. Wass, C. J. Serpell, B. A. Blight, M. Michaelis (2020) Thiourea and guanidine compounds and their iridium complexes in drug-resistant cancer cell lines: Structure-activity relationships and direct luminescent. 15(4), 349-353.
J. Zhao, S. Sun, X. Li, W. Zhang, S. Gou (2019) Enhancing photodynamic therapy efficacy of upconversion-based nanoparticles conjugated with a long-lived triplet excited state iridium(III)-naphthalimide complex: toward highly enhanced hypoxia-inducible factor-1. 3, 252-262.
F. Xue, Y. Lu, Z. Zhou, M. Shi, Y. Yan, H. Yang, S. Yang (2015) Two in one: luminescence imaging and 730 nm continuous wave laser driven photodynamic therapy of iridium complexes. 34(1), 73-77.
X. L. Hong, Y. H. Zhou, C. C. Zeng, X. C. Wu, Y. J. Liu (2017) Apoptosis in vitro in PC-12 cells induced by an organometallic Ir(III) complex through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. 846, 312-320.
Z. H. Liang, D. Wan, Q. Y. Yi, W. Y. Zhang, Y. J. Liu (2018) A cyclometalated iridium(III) complex induces apoptosis and autophagy through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. 43, 243-257.
B. Wang, Y. Liang, H. Dong, T. Tan, B. Zhan, J. Cheng, S. H. Cheng (2012) A luminescent cyclometalated iridium (III) complex accumulates in mitochondria and induces mitochondrial shortening by conjugation to specific protein targets. 13(18), 2729-2737.
K. K. W. Lo, S. K. Leung, C. Y. Pan (2012) Luminescent iridium (III) arylbenzothiazole complexes: Photophysics, electrochemistry, bioconjugation, and cellular uptake. 380, 343-349.
S. Kuang, X. Liao, X. Zhang, T. W. Rees, R. Guan, K. Xiong, H. Chao (2020) FerriIridium: A Lysosome-targeting iron(III)-activated iridium(III) prodrug for chemotherapy in gastric cancer cells. 59, 3315-3321.
R. Guan, Y. Chen, L. Zeng, T. W. Rees, C. Jin, J. Huang, H. Chao (2018) Oncosis-inducing cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. 9, 5183-5190.
S. Yi, Z. Lu, J. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Xie, L. Hou (2019) Amphiphilic gemini iridium(III) complex as a mitochondria-targeted theranostic agent for tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy. 11, 15276-15289.
F. X. Wang, M. H. Chen, X. Y. Hu, R. R. Ye, C. P. Tan, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2016) Ester-modified cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes as mitochondria-targeting anticancer agents. 6, 38954.
M. Martínez-Alonso, N. Busto, L. D. Aguirre, L. Berlanga, M. C. Carrión, J. V. Cuevas, G. Espino (2018) Strong influence of the ancillary ligand over the photodynamic anticancer properties of neutral biscyclometalated IrIII complexes bearing 2- benzoazole-phenolates. 24(66), 17523-17537.
P. Y. Ho, C. L. Ho, W. Y. Wong (2020) Recent advances of iridium (III) metallophosphors for health-related applications. 413, 213267.
K. J. Wu, S. H. Ho, J. Y. Dong, L. Fu, S. P. Wang, H. Liu, D. L. Ma (2020) Aliphatic group-tethered iridium complex as a theranostic agent against malignant melanoma metastasis. 3, 2017-2027.
L. Sun, Y. Chen, S. Kuang, G. Li, R. Guan, J. Liu, H. Chao (2016) Iridium (III) anthraquinone complexes as two-photon phosphorescence probes for mitochondria imaging and tracking under hypoxia. 22, 8955-8965.
A. E. Wendlandt, S. S. Stahl (2015) Quinone-catalyzed selective oxidation of organic molecules. 54(49), 14638-14658.
Z. Liu, R. J. Deeth, J. S. Butler, A. Habtemariam, M. E. Newton, P. J. Sadler (2013) Reduction of quinones by NADH catalyzed by organoiridium complexes. 52(15), 4194.
F. Du, L. Bai, M. He, W. Y. Zhang, Y. Y. Gu, H. Yin, Y. J. Liu (2019) Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of iridium(III) complexes as potential antitumor agents. 201, 110822.
K. K. W. Lo, P. K. Lee, J. S. Y. Lau (2008) Synthesis, characterization, and properties of luminescent organoiridium (III) polypyridine complexes appended with an alkyl chain and their interactions with lipid bilayers, surfactants, and living cells. 27(13), 2998-3006.
J. S.-Y. Lau, P.-K. Lee, K. H.-K. Tsang, C. H.-C. Ng, Y.-W. Lam, S.-H. Cheng, K. K.-W. Lo (2009) Luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine indole complexes--synthesis, photophysics, electrochemistry, protein-binding properties, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake. 48, 708-718.
S. K. Leung, K. Y. Kwok, K. Y. Zhang, K. K. W. Lo (2010) Design of luminescent biotinylation reagents derived from cyclometalated iridium (III) and rhodium (III) bis (pyridylbenzaldehyde) complexes. 49(11), 4984-4995.
H. Chen, C. Ge, H. Cao, X. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Jiang, Q. Zhang (2019) Isomeric Ir(iii) complexes for tracking mitochondrial pH fluctuations and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction during photodynamic therapy. 48, 17200-17209.
X. H. Yang, Q. Zhang, S. B. Dou, L. Xiao, J. X. L. Jia, R. L. Yang, Z. G. Niu (2020) Synthesis, properties, DFT calculations, and cytotoxic activity of phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes with heteroatom ancillary ligands. 73(14), 2004-2014.
W. Y. Zhang, Q. Y. Yi, Y. J. Wang, F. Du, M. He, B. Tang, H. L. Huang (2018) Photoinduced anticancer activity studies of iridium(III) complexes targeting mitochondria and tubules. 151, 568-584.
L. He, S. Y. Liao, C. P. Tan, L. Y. Y. Lu, C. X. Xu, L. N. Ji, Z. W. Mao (2014) Cyclometalated iridium (III)- β -carboline complexes as potent autophagy-inducing agents. 50(42), 5611-5614.
M. Kaiser, I. Zavrski, J. Sterz, C. Jakob, C. Fleissner, P. M. Kloetzel, U. Heider (2006) The effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid on cell cycle, growth suppression and apoptosis in multiple myeloma. 91(2), 248-251.
B. Yuan, J. Liu, R. Guan, C. Jin, L. Ji, H. Chao (2019) Endoplasmic reticulum targeted cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as efficient photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. 48, 6408-6415.
Y. Zhang, H. Fu, S. Chen, B. Liu, W. Sun, H. Gao (2020) Construction of an iridium(iii)-complex-loaded MOF nanoplatform mediated with a dual-responsive polycationic polymer for photodynamic therapy and cell imaging. 56, 762-765.
V. Novohradsky, G. Vigueras, J. Pracharova, N. Cutillas, C. Janiak, H. Kostrhunova, J. Kasparkova (2019) Molecular superoxide radical photogeneration in cancer cells by dipyridophenazine iridium(III) complexes. 6(9), 2500-2513.
G. S. Yellol, A. Donaire, J. G. Yellol, V. Vasylyeva, C. Janiak, J. Ruiz (2013) On the antitumor properties of novel cyclometalated benzimidazole Ru(II), Ir(III) and Rh(III) complexes. 49(98), 11533-11535.
P. Laha, U. De, F. Chandra, N. Dehury, S. Khullar, H. S. Kim, S. Patra (2018) Alkyl chainmodified cyclometalated iridium complexes as tunable anticancer and imaging agents. 47(44), 15873-15881.
J. Yellol, S. A. Pérez, G. Yellol, J. Zajac, A. Donaire, G. Vigueras, J. Ruiz (2016) Highly potent extranuclear-targeted luminescent iridium(III) antitumor agents containing benzimidazole based ligands with a handle for functionalization. 52(98), 14165-14168.
J. Pracharova, G. Vigueras, V. Novohradsky, N. Cutillas, C. Janiak, H. Kostrhunova, V. Brabec (2018) Exploring the effect of polypyridyl ligands on the anticancer activity of phosphorescent iridium (III) complexes: From proteosynthesis inhibitors to photodynamic therapy agents. 24(18), 4607-4619.
V. Novohradsky, A. Zamora, A. Gandioso, V. Brabec, J. Ruiz, V. Marchán (2017) Somatostatin receptor-targeted organometallic iridium(III) complexes as novel theranostic agents. 53(40), 5523-5526.
C. G. Hartinger (2010) Trapping Unstable Benzoquinone Analogues by Coordination to a [(η5-C5Me5)Ir] Fragment and the Anticancer Activity of the Resulting Complexes. 45(49), 8304-8305.
G. Steinberg-Yfrach, P. A. Liddell, S. C. Hung, A. L. Moore, D. Gust, T. A. Moore (1997) Conversion of light energy to proton potential in liposomes by artificial photosynthetic reaction centres. 385(6613), 239-241.
P. L. Larsen, C. F. Clarke (2002) Extension of life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans by a diet lacking coenzyme Q. 295(5552), 120-123.
H. Amouri, J. Moussa, A. K. Renfrew, P. J. Dyson, M. N. Rager, L. M. Chamoreau (2010) Discovery, structure, and anticancer activity of an iridium complex of diselenobenzoquinone. 49(41), 7530-7533.
Z. Liu, A. Habtemariam, A. M. Pizarro, G. J. Clarkson, P. J. Sadler (2011) Organometallic iridium (III) cyclopentadienyl anticancer complexes containing C, N-chelating ligands. 30(17), 4702-4710.
A. J. Millett, A. Habtemariam, I. Romero-Canelón, G. J. Clarkson, P. J. Sadler (2015) Contrasting anticancer activity of half-sandwich iridium (III) complexes bearing functionally diverse 2-phenylpyridine ligands. 34(11), 2683-2694.
S. Wirth, C. J. Rohbogner, M. Cieslak, J. Kazmierczak-Baranska, S. Donevski, B. Nawrot, I. P. Lorenz (2010) Rhodium (III) and iridium (III) complexes with 1, 2-naphthoquinone-1-oximate as a bidentate ligand: synthesis, structure, and biological activity. 15, 429-440.
U. Śliwinska, F. P. Pruchnik, S. Ułaszewski, M. Latocha, D. Nawrocka-Musial (2010) Properties of η5 -pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium (III) and iridium (III) complexes with quinolin-8-ol and their cytostatic activity. 29(6), 1653-1659.
S. Schäfer, I. Ott, R. Gust, W. S. Sheldrick (2007) Influence of the Polypyridyl (pp) Ligand Size on the DNA Binding Properties, Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake of Organoruthenium (II) Complexes of the Type [(η6-C6Me6) Ru (L)(pp)] n+ [L= Cl, n= 1; L=(NH2) 2CS, n= 2]. 3034-3046.
S. Schäfer, W. S. Sheldrick (2007) Coligand tuning of the DNA binding properties of half-sandwich organometallic intercalators: Influence of polypyridyl (pp) and monodentate ligands (L = Cl,(NH2) 2CS,(NMe2) 2CS) on the intercalation of (5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-iridium (III)-dipyridoquinoxaline and-dipyridophenazine complexes. 692(6), 1300-1309.
Z. Liu, I. Romero-Canelón, A. Habtemariam, G. J. Clarkson, P. J. Sadler (2014) Potent half-sandwich iridium (III) anticancer complexes containing C ^ N-chelated and pyridine ligands. 33(19), 5324-5333.
K. Xiong, Y. Chen, C. Ouyang, R. L. Guan, L. N. Ji, H. Chao (2016) Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as mitochondria-targeted anticancer agents. 125, 186-194.
A. Wilbuer, D. H. Vlecken, D. J. Schmitz, K. Kräling, K. Harms, C. P. Bagowski, E. Meggers (2010) Iridium complex with antiangiogenic properties. 49(22), 3839-3842.
A. Kastl, A. Wilbuer, A. L. Merkel, L. Feng, P. Di Fazio, M. Ocker, E. Meggers (2012) Dual anticancer activity in a single compound: visible-light-induced apoptosis by an antiangiogenic iridium complex. 48(13), 1863-1865.
K. K. W. Lo, K. Y. Zhang (2012) Iridium(III) complexes as therapeutic and bioimaging reagents for cellular applications. 2, 12069-12083.
E. Lukevics, I. Shestakova, I. Domracheva, A. Nesterova, D. Zaruma, J. Ashaks (2006) Cytotoxicity of metal 8-quinolinethiolates. 42, 761-764.
E. Lukevics, I. Shestakova, I. Domracheva, E. Yashchenko, D. Zaruma, J. Ashaks (2007) Synthesis and cytotoxicity of metal 4-methyl-8-quinolinethiolates. 43, 634-636.
E. Lukevics, D. Zaruma, J. Ashaks, I. Shestakova, I. Domracheva, A. Gulbe, V. Bridane (2008) Synthesis and cytotoxicity of methyl-and methoxy-substituted metal 8-quinolinethiolates. 44, 559-564.
J. Ashaks, Y. Bankovsky, D. Zaruma, I. Shestakova, I. Domracheva, A. Nesterova, E. Lukevics (2004) Synthesis of quinoline-8-selenol, its complex compounds with metals and their cytotoxic activity. 40, 776-780.
E. Lukevics, D. Zaruma, J. Ashaks, I. Shestakova, I. Domracheva, V. Bridane, E. Yashchenko (2009) Synthesis and cytotoxicity of methyl-substituted 8-quinolineselenolates of ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium. 45, 182-187.
J. J. Conesa, A. C. Carrasco, V. Rodríguez-Fanjul, Y. Yang, J. L. Carrascosa, P. Cloetens, A. M. Pizarro (2020) Unambiguous intracellular localization and quantification of a potent iridium anticancer compound by correlative 3D cryo X-ray imaging. 59, 1270-1278.
X. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Zhao, W. Wei, J. Zhao (2019) Imaging and proteomic study of a clickable iridium complex. 11, 1344-1352.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
